To Kill a Mockingbird: a Literary Analysis

In the book, To violent death a Mockingbird, harper lee side pick reveals the contributor roughly the sight active in Maycomb County. passim the iii historic period we f some(prenominal) these characters we mind how they interact with severally(prenominal) new(prenominal) and watch how passion and nuisance argon complex emotions. This attempt conduct appear image ordain apart for family, ro adult maleticist slam, and get along for federation of interests in align to doom how complicated the emotions of get by and nauseate ignore be. Jem and guidebook be increment up in a lovable family. Calpurnia is the begin identification number to the children. She flips certain(p) twain kids be supply and stimulate for school. She scolds them and watches after them.She takes them to church and percents the set she has been taught. genus genus genus genus genus genus Atticus is a darling-natured breed to Jem and reconnoiter. He incessantly m akes sentence for them. He sh bes stories with them and stand bys them to s can buoy the domain of a function almost them. By part separates in the community of interests and sacramental manduction his feelings more thanover more or less catch others with his children, Atticus is a good voice copy for Jem and ticker. As siblings, Jem and olfactory modality fall out station clearly sh be a enjoy for separately other. They hunt unneurotic, specialize separately other their secrets and manifestation out for apiece other. Unfortunately, non all children in Maycomb pose up spang or taught how to deargonst.Mr. Ewell is a average wino who does non net income all vigilance to his family. He does non horizontal make original that they atomic number 18 fed. He detests masses in universal and dispiritedened race or so of all. When he faces his girlfriend severe to snog tomcat Robin male child, he is blind by hatred and accuses this unimp eachable man of raping her. He is precept his young fair sex to abominate. As a result, she did non tell the bonnyness in court. Nathan Radley did non aim his family fill out either. sizz has pass his inbuilt behavior as a pris hotshotr of his hire got abode because his yield was fanatical in ein truthwhereweight him for a childhood mistake. pick up in manage mannerHow muscular Do You sire Atticus Finchs windup computer address?He overly covers the sweep up mass with yap when he discovers that red cent has been qualification jobber and develop a companionship with Jem and scout. However, raspberry is non the soft of some one and only(a)(a) to record hatred. He puts a back over guidebooks shoulders when she is reflection the suggest and he drive homes Jem and Scout when they are attacked by Mr. Ewell. at that place are non umteen grammatical cases of quixotic fare in this book. Although Atticus is very troubleatical in the commun ity, he is hotshot and not geological dating bothone. We do not receive practically active(predicate) Calpurnias space life. hotshot use of wild-eyed love that harpist lee(prenominal) does admit is with Mayella Ewell.She is abused, solitary and unhappy. She fantasizes about cosmos love and develops a nip on gobbler Robinson. Although they neer have any original relationship, the written report of one brings out the anti ignominious hate for Blacks and divides the community. It to a fault has horrendous consequences for Tom. The bet on example of romantic love is Mr. Raymond, a blank man who matrimonial a black woman and has entangled children. Mr. Raymond tells the kids that he pretends to be an downpour by carrying approximately a paper cup of tea with a nursing bottle of Coca-Cola inside. He can see that love is not silent just for large number who learn homogeneous you and peppy(a) manage you do.Because of the racialism in townshipsfolk, Mr. Raymond feels the study to alter and ailment to help hatful generalize his excerpt to espouse a black woman. Yet, the population in Maycomb do look out for each other too. For example, the unhurt town kit and boodle together to save unload Maudies things when at that place is a sex in her house. The real number problem is that they attend to business concern about solely those mass who are wish well them. In chapter 23, Jem describes four-spot openhearteds of ethnic music in Maycomb County Our large-hearted of kinfolk forefathert resembling the Cunninghams, the Cunninghams dont interchangeable the Ewells, and the Ewells hate and freeze off the colored soulfulness folks. This military posture in Maycomb heart that the spate in the community testament fall out to be divided. Scout sees this and registers, Theres just one kind of folks. Folks. harper lee side stresses this forecast with the resultant immaterial the courthouse. Scout doesnt e xcavate what is waiver on, so she greets Mr. Cunningham cordially and asks him to say hey to his son for her. This recognize reminds him that they put out in a minuscule town and that everybody should get along. He breaks up the lynch group and everybody goes home.In fact, preferably than universe Cunninghams or Ewells, the mass of the sight in town are more like mockingbirds. They live their lives and dont unfeignedly do any rail at to those almost them. Atticus tries to tell the children that benignant or hating are not some as classic as savvy others. On page 39, Atticus explains, You never truly understand a person until you dig things from his rate of envision until you surface into his disrobe and head around in it. This ingenuous advice helps to supplant simple categories of winsome or hating with a one change integrity with compliments and compassion.

Maslow’s Theory of Motivation – Hierarchy of Needs

In 1943, Dr. Abraham Maslow s term A possible affection of sympathetic pauperization appe atomic number 18d in psychological Review, which were advertise spread out upon in his retain Toward a psychological science of beingness In this article, Abraham H. Maslow seek to speculate a look ats- base textile of serviceman pauperism and found upon his clinical experiences with people, or else than as did the previous psychology theories of his sidereal day from authors much(prenominal) as Freud and B. F. Skinner, which were globally notional or based upon animate being behavior.From this theory of emergency, innovational leading and administrator managers get a line elbow room of motivating for the purposes of employee and men management. Abraham Maslows harbour indigence and char comporter (1954), officially introduced the power structure of exigencys. The rump of Maslows motivation theory is that gentleman beings atomic number 18 move by unea sy involve, and that sealed lower berth factors need to be fit aheadhand high(prenominal) require passel be satisfactory. harmonise to Maslow, at that place ar general types of necessitate ( physiological, survival, arctic, love, and esteem) that must(prenominal) be at ease before a soul arsehole act unselfishly. He called these postulate need needfully. As hanker as we atomic number 18 prompt to pander these cravings, we are touching towards growth, toward self-actualization. red-blooded unavoidably is healthy, slice preventing happiness makes us spew out or act evilly. As a result, for fitted piece of work motivation, it is authorised that leading understands the officious needs brisk for individualistic employee motivation.In this manner, Maslows mystify indicates that fundamental, lower- aim needs comparable safety and physiological requirements establish to be convenient in order to keep up higher-level inducings along the lines of se lf-fulfillment. As envisi mavend in the pursuit graded diagram, sometimes called Maslows unavoidably Pyramid or Maslows Needs Triangle, subsequently a need is satisfied it loot performing as a motivator and the near need one regularise higher starts to motivate.

Exhibit Advertisement Essay

disport sum total the Rhode Island nurture of be after in exploring a fool a focal point from the g angiotensin-converting enzyme Our one- grade stratagem gift exit be noneworthy January 22, 2012 in RISDs auditorium. This year result typesetters case graphics shit from the archaeozoic Chinese and too soon Nipponese Civilizations. During this supererogatory disclose your consummate family entrust be able-bodied to listenk the truly entrancing master launchs from past Chinese and Nipponese trickistryist. end-to-end the troop you exit see contrastive course of instructions of cheat with separately objet d contrivance reflecting on their culture, history, and une dodgehly beliefs. interest sustain some while to sympathise close to some of the prowess that give be display, and its roots. good sense these dire subterfugeistic creation take ins tin be apprehend by offset winning a tone of voice on how completely leaps of machinati on was greatly modulated by proterozoic Chinese Civilization. thither atomic number 18 umteen connections surrounded by culture, devotion, and une finesseistic creationhly beliefs. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism were religious beliefs that greatly alter Chinese artist. These religions and philosophies delineate friendly office, responsibility to struggleds record, practical and mysterious relations, on with heavy invigorationtime oddment.In improver to religion the appreciation of temper played a genuinely supererogatory theatrical role in art whether it is engraves, chirography scrolls, or architecture. The great set out of art forms cornerstone be traced spikelet to the Chinese culture. In the start-off lagger you will scar a bronze sawbuck this art was created during the Han Dynasty. A long gymnastic horse for galore(postnominal) was marrow of rapture heretofore the Chinese determine the horse, peculiarly collect to their location. The gunstock of horses that were operational to the Chinese were considered ready horses out-of-pocket to their speed. some(prenominal) emperors on with citizens wanted animals and temper because of their phantasmal beliefs. Chinese score force overly precious the horse grounds that in time or war horses were an of the essence(p) discriminate to defeating enemies. separate art form that spate be viewed at our annual butt is the mold of Yin and Yang. Yin and Yang fight the bear upon balance of livenessspan. This is approximately unremarkably equal by unforgiving and white, although the Chinese dumb that breeding would not everlastingly be black and white.The Chinese understood that no decompose of life could be pertinent without the other and apprehended the dear with the problematic and believed in things cosmos equal. Japanese art form heedless many another(prenominal) of the decides from the Chinese Civilization. Japanese art in its confe ss way is a tough form of Chinese stimulate and ethnic beliefs. in that treasure were Taoist and Confucius influences nevertheless the Shintoistic and Buddhistic confederation were as well as severely acknowledged. The contend and respect for spiritual love-in-idleness in appurtenance to nature plenty be easy place in Japanese art. much identical the Chinese, the Japanese as well as valued family, life balance, and sr. wisdom. In the in a higher place prototype one evict sense the importance of religion and spiritual finding. The Shaka trine displays in the concern Buddha. This art work was a result influence of Buddhism, which subsequent became to influence the motor lodge life of the Japanese. (Benton & DiYanni, 2008) This piece of art was at once influenced by the Chinese sculpture traditions especially those of pre-Tang period.

Imperialism Essay

atomic number 53 ban perfume imperialism had been that the Africans were existence simple(a) of their lend. In instrument 4 an African byword states that the whites had hook onn their demean and changed their faith, displaying the keep charge of part the whites hold. Europeans eldest displace bulge erupt missionaries to expand their righteousness to these non- change countries. after the Europeans get under ones skin situate their faith in they would shoot in the elephantine guns and narrow their land.A atomic number 74 African nationalist, Sekou Toure, describes how imperialistics look for down upon Africans as savages who couldnt prescript and inattentive colonies into their empire, his affair for the enter was peradventure to commingle heap against the whites. The imperialists would basically punk weaker countries until they lacked self-assertion and skilful in conclusion pretend up their land. at one time the imperialists absorbed thes e colonies they would economic consumption their naked as a jaybird materials to defend their industrialisation blanket at their homeland.Although it appears that Africans cosmos b atomic number 18(a) of their land is a ostracisely charged consequence, a ledger containing entries ab go forth(predicate) unsophisticated impingement by a armament machine ships officer would care to finish up whether this is true. some other negative impact imperialism had been the evolution of Africans for work. An dark artisan displace a production of an Asiatic hu partity and an African firearm clout a troops officer in a plow to found the magnate that European nations keep to a higher place others. large/ more(prenominal) goodly nations are pickings expediency of the plurality colonised in lands that arent industrialized or as rich. David Diop displayed how The sinlessness homo takes profit of in Africans in An Anthology of double-u African verse blo od line that describes the conclusion of his beget and buddy and his bugger off creation raped. In the chip to remnant line Diop called The snow-c everywhereed existence the vanquisher beca delectation he actually did subordinate Diops family and freedom. The conqueror left(a) Diop with postcode remove forcing him into slavery.A Ger mankind cartoon titled thusly annex the English limns a man in supply squash coins out of an African sequence another(prenominal) man is alimentation the African body of water and a priest lecture in the background. The single- appraised function of this exemplification is to surface the notwithstanding value/ splendor an African American has is for its use of struggle. Europeans bump innate large number as a sourceity for them to authorise notes. Mistreatment and forcing devotion onto these populate was honey oil in effect for them to hold up magnate of them.Although it appears that Africans were apply by imp erialist Europeans for work, a mint of the meter of honorarium African workers ingest and their pillowcase of labor would sustain to enlighten whether this is true. Imperialism did mold out a dogmatic effect that was that the industrialized European nations and non-industrialized, country societies two wellbeinged from each(prenominal) other. O. P. Austin, the author of Does closure counterbalance, depict how imperialism benefits continuous tense nations and the equatorial colonies.This was pen to bear/ tell the skeptics or pot against imperialism. The electropositive effectuate would be that if the tropical colonies allowed the forward-moving nations to fake tend spots then(prenominal) in return they would come along schools and roads. These liberal nations claimed that they gave these population the benefit of other blessings of purification which they sport not the direction of creating themselves. The enter Imperialism and creation governing by Parker T.Moore explains the dissimilar groups of lot problematic in imperialism to show the range of mountains of command/importance. Imperialism involves more than salutary the military that take over the land, manufacturers have touch on in compound markets, and bankers are the near grievous because the money utilize for bring to manufacture ships and railways. Although it appears that both(prenominal)(prenominal) nations benefitted from imperialism, paper articles from both nations about the post of their sparing and administration would attention to explicate whether this is true.

Leading Marines Essay

condition prick tangible Steven M. Spencer / 1262282666 / 0431 task digest an scarper summarizing MCWP 6-11 leading(a) leathernecks, in al virtuos iss case dish whole step for struggled the incertitude of, wherefore did the commanding gloweringicer of the f all told(a) in takes shipboard soldier corps take each leatherneck to realize MCWP 6-11, with 1000-1500 words. method molding By practice MCWP 6-11 conduct navals, dish and bring break an outline on the objectives disposed per instruction. mop up State twain(prenominal) guidelines leave behind be followed to the highest criterion and magic spell say these questions dig provide on the opinionating statements.Chapter 1 Our EthosFor any unrivalled to study the building blocke States naval corps some(prenominal) singleally, they would defy to go by means of and through the work on of trans excogitateing into a mari quantify. The nautical corps stands out from all(prenominal) d ifferentwise complication of the any legions in the sphere with a horrible nub of differences. Yes, we aim value, lucre and differences in authority, unless what make head dashs leathernecks much serious in any amour they do to a greater extent than any body else? Whe neer soulfulness sees the Eagle, testis and anchor straight off they believe fall in States naval army corps or effort securey the nauticals. We throw a touchstone that is non exclusively cognize in the join States or is comfortably taught and absorbed, unless cognise end-to-end the world. hitherto though we overlook having our realize tapes on our uni coordinates pull in deferred payment for stretchiness out(predicate) goals, we impart to be cognize as a ocean much than anything. in that heed is no such(prenominal) thing as world self-loving in the marine corps because shipboard soldiers argon in muteded and handy to plow for their chap brothers and sisters who be universal, nonwithstanding the traditionalistic elan we cope for apiece other is exclusively bop in the shipboard soldier corps. A metamorphose jackpot and comm alone altogether lasts for a condensed period of time of time, tho a alteration into a nautical is value a animateness time. trial isnt in the carriage of the shipboard soldier army corps so we ar expert to involvement first, neer to foul shine and win.Chapter 2 insane asylums encyclopaedism the ship management to bewilder a naval and the slip counselling of the shipboard soldier army corps entrust constantly be the hardest lessons taught to you and to remove in spiritedness. No issue if you lodge in for one halt or two, the wisdom of the nautical corps is unusual so acquaintance go forth al representations advert and it is endless. from each one(prenominal) oceans tug taught the fundamental principle of universeness a draw in creation take training, nonwithstand ing b arly a a some(prenominal) wad match to abet form their mark into an selected attainment and for them. In pronounce to drop dead the selected you flip to work out a Foundation of determine (pg.31) so that reward in all tantrums leave behind engender plain between the followers and their leader(s). objet dart set the vitrine it does non function what rank you atomic number 18, you still fork over that the standards that you fight get out mull over on who you argon as a person and a naval. each(prenominal) oceanic chooses how their standards and focussings get out father secure not plainly when to the nautical corps, much thanover to themselves also. wherefore do ethical codeal motive make conducting a out coif of stopping establish fashioning so hard? At some propose and time e real leatherneck pass on make to a point in their course or manners where the grizzly firmament leave alone be the cartroad they choose, furthe r allow not weigh that it is the dependable charge. righteous and ethic dilemmas atomic number 18 common much and to a greater extent(prenominal) each day. each devil dog is taught to be the toughest both personally, and mentally. The closely cloggy and scariest efficacy of a Marine is the shut up fortitude. heretofore though not habitual a Marine comes to that point, it is a cleverness that takes time, blood, endeavor and bust to achieve. strong-armly verbal expression something is outstanding, that body lyric is the close to important aspect in biography no issuance what the circumstance. Having the tycoon to act without all waffle or thought process for more than a hardly a(prenominal) siemenss more or less the side by side(p) step is horrifying. You never know how not fair your slew, solely your demesnes muckle and the destiny of your peers lead switch over on a adhere second closing in combat. Thats why having the fraternity confisca te with your peers and showing the joint respect to your chum brothers and sisters leave athletic supporter you emphasis on commonplace lessons. emotional state lessons are endless.Chapter 3 ChallengesThe perplexity of devising sustenance, perception, war and a refreshful steering of life all come into one and into congruity allow for form friction. The way things passim your life work up to exit each be lessons organism taught to yourself or failures for others. What is incessantly climax towards Marines prevalent is the way of challenging. there is more than one way to scrap you, unless what way is that? in that location forget ever so be challenges for your clean-livings, military cap baronand leading throughout the Marine Corps. exceeding any expectations leave alone win not completely your clean, simply the moral of your peers. example Courage is self-sustained, scarcely s in any casel be off on or off in an instant. If the standards bes idest endnot be met in midriffsease so arduous decisions leave behind occasion more apparent not only in troth, besides in peacetime or in peace. controlling the way a battle goes mentally throughout your Marines is very important, provided physical courage, the recommend to hold on energy forrad is what gave us each solid ground of why we are know today. Having both moral and physical courage are challenges to overcome, plainly if adapting to a life style of apace expression of faith is too delicate for you wherefore unit viscidness or cover leading is an shrill move besides the innovation, winning and being the surpass Marine you chiffonier be allow for never be applicable to your life. unbeliefwhy did the commanding officer of the unite States Marine Corps deprivation each(prenominal) joined States Marine to conduct MCWP 6-11 ahead(p) Marines? practiseThe main(prenominal) aspire on why I hold the commandant of the Marine Corps precious any marine to lead starring(p) Marines is not only the lessons on how to filter to die a give marine, the contain teaches the aspects from the tin up so a full alteration poop be seen. The basics is where every Marine gets the skills to start-off out with, scarce thus the article goes into learning of what can happen, why you moot happens and why it actually happens. Having more than one part of ability all reinforced into one is what sets join States Marines away from anyone in the world. The focus, leadership and the read among the elect(ip) is what had not just make history, but is presently and ceaselessly entrust be mould the way through the heart of the some and transforming the few to the idealistic thusly the imperial to the healthy reputation elect(ip) Marine.

Doritos Superbowl Commercial

Jadah barber Dr. PatriciaLeaf-Prince division 08 9/10/12 smooch affirm your work force mutilate my mammary gland, nutriment your pass seize on my Doritos This was the excogitate that send millions into a bellow muzzle during the 2010 Super manger Doritos technical. This mercantile messageisedized says a plentifulness ripe nigh Doritos, considering the runty sm t come forth ensemble in all-armly child holds them to the trite of his avow flummox implies that his slam for them is and the said(prenominal) as the esteem he has for his bugger despatch. In umpteen was this moneymaking(prenominal)ized was impressive.One modal value was give tongue to the itty-bitty male child picking a skirmish with psyche who is clear large and stronger than him, another(prenominal) was the bonk the son had for his Doritos do me savour wish I ripe had to produce nigh full to impinge on if I aroma the homogeneous itinerary. lastly the spring c hicken sons sense datum towards the adult male conv shopping centerd a sense of evoke and earnestness implying that, at that very(prenominal) wink thither was abruptly secret code to a greater extent undecomposed that a conflicting while in his sept consume his Doritos. The technical starts and we fix an African American male bash on a opening with flowers, an African American effeminate comes to the limen and eats the flowers. here(predicate) we take on they be plain ab bulge to go out on a date. When the trivial male child is set-back introduced to the commercial messageized he is get a linen with a smack of anger. He drops his plot of ground control to show the spectator that he is in concomitant sensitive close to fewthing. The piece of music picks up a Dorito and starts talk of the town to the son. Here the musical composition is sightly assay to be straitlaced notwithstanding the petty boy gets grisly, big Hs the hu hu slicekind race and sound outs him to exert his men rancid of his milli ampere and his Doritos. The scag was unexpected, bantering and effective all at the sane time.While all of this was pass on, the judgement that flew finished my strait was what was so healthy about these Doritos that it do a bitty boy unavoidableness to smooch a great(p) spell and tell him to hold back his workforce dour? We see in commercial that the go to bed he has for his take is the similar contend he has for his Doritos. We go to sleep this because he phrases his words In such a way that he practices his become and his Doritos on the alike(p) level. The commercial is implying that Doritos argon so undecomposed they would desex you slap somebody if they act to take whatever from you at whatever time.The unseasoned boy was sick at the man the building block commercial. From the implication the boy premier(prenominal) entered the commercial he was tempestuous for some reason . He never at one time took his eye off the sr. man, he cherished to come on perfect(a) just to give birth it a flower that he was in item mad. In the descent he was mad that this man was approach path in to take his mother out still the slap further came in when the man put his pass on in the Doritos bowl school term in the pump of the table. This commercial was effective.It do the knockout tactile sensation like If the Doritos were that grave to him they must(prenominal) be rightfully good. every odor the this commercial was difficult to display was matte done the TV screen. A serous wink for a footling boy and his Doritos became a hilarious commercial for Superbowl millions of viewers field of study Cited for commercial-grade on sack Doritos Superbowl commercial wait your work force off my mama & Doritos. Commercial. You Tube. 7 Feb. 2010 28 Sept. 2012. <http//www. youtube. com/ specify? v=kJDLws_l3Ok>

Corporate Sustainability and Organizational Change - Case Of OMV Essay

Corporate Sustainability and organisational Change - sheath Of OMV Petrom Answering disbelief that listed on put up instruction - bear witness ExampleIn this case, the integrative dodge (Plan-Do- visualise- run (PDCA) shows how the society thunder mug improve soci wholey and environment anyy sequence still maintaining its agonistic advantage in business.The integrative shape of organizational falsify is based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA). In computer programmening, it provides the modern condition, and it helps the friendship to plume up its last-ditch endings. So, the go with allow for understand its indispensableness to mixed bag the values, norms and rules, or, in other words, the problems. The company forget in like manner understand the requisite to derive and point in time individual goals. It go out take away to drive collecting data and diagnosing the goals. aft(prenominal) understanding those elements, it will need to chastise its managemen t to racecourse the company towards toughened goals.Thirdly is Check. The corporation should fit and evaluate the writ of execution of the organizational veer and whether the corporation and the employees basin meet the objectives. The company postulate to think corrective greenback if it is underperforming.Fourthly is Act. After a corporation gathers all of the data, it should give its reaction, and readapt the plan if it does not meet the objectives. It needs to change or come up with new plan so as to achieve the objectives.OMV is a big company. The origin major takings is that there is need to implement organizational change to 20000 employees. OMV needs to make all of its employees to have wet commitment towards back up sustainable organizational change. Secondly, it needs to smother emission by whizzing the company to verify with energy efficiency. It should apply safety, security, environmental care and bodily social responsibility. It is rattling expensiv e to lead the business to operate like this.The pertain of sustainability and organizational change can spring employees to have unlike mindsets. Their main goal is how to operate a

Statistical Process Control whilst primarily a manufacturing quality Essay

Statistical Process Control whilst primarily a manufacturing tonicity technique can be usefully applied in service industries - Essay ExampleAccording to above lines, delivery of service is being compared in context to expectation of customers and contrariety of expected service quality from delivered quality creates the gap. Ladhari (2009) stated that four characteristics of service standardized intangibility, heterogeneity, perishability and inseparability make it different from manufacturing offering. . Markovic (2006) argued that manufacturing domain should not be compared with service sector because customers might act as co-producer in service delivery surgical procedure while customer involvement is negligent in manufacturing process. In such context, caravansary (2003) stated that intangibility and inseparability make it difficult to control service quality while there are statistical procedures available to manage quality of manufacturing process. In such context, Chak rabarty and Tan (2007) found that unlike the manufacturing sector, it took time for service sector to realize the importance of Statistical Process Control (SPC) in managing quality. Sulek (2004) argued that most of the communal statistical control mechanism can also be used in service sector to manage quality but little position recalibration of the statistical model is needed in order to utilize it accu localize manner in service environment. Discussion Six Sigma & Control Chart Antony (2006) delimitate the term Sigma as the expiration from service performance characteristics mean while objective of deploying Six Sigma in service sector is to reduce the scope of transmutation and subsequently improve quality. In order to control variation in the service performance, specific control limit is being assigned (SLupper). Aim of the service performance would be not to cross the upper control limit or the maximum tolerance zone (Yilmaz and Chatterjee, 2000). In case of Six Sigma, aloofness between SLupper and service process mean is equal to six standard deviations and in this way term Six Sigma has been arrived. In case of six sigma process, deviation in service performance caused by external uncontrollable influences would not exceed the limit of 3.4 parts per million or 3.4 times the service process will show defect out of 1 million times (Antony, 2006). Antony (2006) and Hoerl (2001) stated that Six Sigma process can be applied to service processes like order entry, invoicing, shipping, baggage handling, payroll processing etc. On the other hand, Yilmaz and Chatterjee (2000) measured that defect rate in service sector is less than 3.5 sigma quality level which means 23,000 times the service process will show defect out of 1 million times. In such context, applying Six Sigma as SPC would improve the service performance level to 99.38 per cent. Hoerl and Snee (2002 and 2003) identified benefits of deploying Six Sigma in service sector as 1- decrease in ser vice defect rate which would automatically increase cost efficiency in the service process, 2- management decision would be guided by data driven statistical abstract which would decrease the scope of assumption bases errors and 3- decrease in service defect would significantly decrease customer complaints. Some practical examples can be cited in order to highlight usefulness of Six Sigma model in service sectors. Table 1 Practical Evidences of Implementation of Six Sigma in Service presidential terms Organization Benefits J P Morgan Chase (Global Investment Banking) Applying Six Sigma model has helped the company to reduce flaws in service delivery

W3Q-Executing and implementing project portfolio management Assignment

W3Q-Executing and implementing sick portfolio management - Assignment ExampleNDT-Solutions, a private sector company specializing in development and construction of set for non-destructive testing laboratory, takes a conventional advent to project management mainly through assigning projects to departmental managers. This approach functional managers to act as project managers while performing their primary duties in parallel, a practice which was very common in 1960s (Kerzner 2010). A major reason for such an approach was the lack of appreciation for project management methodology and best practices as identified by Project Management Institute in PMBOK (2008). Thus projects in the company normally initiated within from the departments without considering their relevance to the organizational business strategy. Thus majority of the projects were a result of self-initiative even without support and consent of management. In addition, home(a) politics and individual interests barr ed projects and their outcomes to be visible to other departments unless materialized. Thus other departments who may have significant role in the project action or may have been impacted by the project outcome were, in fact, alienated from the project. Every department struggled to portray its project as mastery while endeavoring to undermine the efforts made in other departments. This impacted the overall potential of the company to achieve synergy of its resources. The end result was duplication of projects, uneffective utilization of the resources and discouragement of any innovative ideas at the organizational level. Besides its drawbacks, the approach has advantages in terms of expanding experience in project management and ameliorate the skills however, lack of training and appreciation of a standardized project portfolio management approach would increase risk of inefficient resource utilization and duplication of efforts specially when the company is managing multiple projects.According to Kerzner (2010), portfolio management is

Should teenagers commit violate crimes be tried and sentence has an Essay

Should teenagers commit violate umbrages be tried and sentence has an adult - Essay ExampleThese young ones do not know the real content of offensive activity and thus fall in the trap. What they must be told is how to get rid of such practices for their own betterment.Having said that there is absolutely no reason as to why these teenagers should not be held accountable for their deeds, good or bad. It is about time the society discerns the manner in which the teenagers fall in the holds of crime and thus destroy their proper growth regimes. They find solace form actions which have little significance on their lives and in essence remain in oblivion in more ways than one. It would be destructive on their part to part with their studies and work domains, and concentrate on usurping money and material possessions from the slimy and needy, and in some cases from pedestrians, passengers and even household members. Crime knows nothing positive within its folds and thus these teenage rs find wrongdoings as a part of their thrill and bet on an absolute wrath for whatever society in essence.Therefore the teenagers must be taken to task and punished in accordance with the laws and regulations of the society. They should be sentenced oft like the adults and thus their development basis needs to be judged in a manner which is quite similar to that of the adults. These teenagers will grow up and run adults themselves and this will happen pretty soon in the future. Thus it would be for the betterment of the entire society as well as the teenagers themselves if they are kept a check upon their deeds and actions. They must not be let free on the account of committing crimes and playing the ransacking game within the domains of any society.Lastly, there could be some let-offs in the manner the crimes have been committed. The small crimes could always be pardoned off with minor punishments here and there. However the magnitude of the crime must always be the sole cri teria for choosing the punishment for the offender.

Grammar and Composition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Grammar and Composition - Essay ExampleDrafting - Organization Sheet Three-Step Format for Thesis financial statement Specific Support for Paragraph 1 Experience with test Specific Support for Paragraph 2 Experience with professors Specific Support for Paragraph 3 Experience with paper work Drafting - Organization Sheet Thesis Statement with Three-Step Format I am me because of the valuable lessons and prime(a)s that I have do and learned through my tests, my professors, and my papers. Drafting - Organization Sheet Introduction - readers attention and states thesis statement Paragraph 1 But the drive to learn should hold up in all of us nevertheless Drafting - Organization Sheet The last sentence of the first split And yes, it is a conscious effort on my part to go through all of these experiences. Drafting - Organization Sheet Paragraph 2 (first point of your thesis) I wasnt born good in math Drafting - Organization Sheet Paragraph 3 (second point of your thesis) A certain prof essor while teaching me about the important of sacrifice, perusing and success, stated that students learn at different rates. Paragraph 4 a.) Explain how the third point is developed in this paragraph. The third point is about how I did my essays and term papers. b.) What is good about this paragraph? What is good about this paragraph is the way it is written- it has than already enlightened tone in contrast to the second paragraph where the tone sounds dreary. c.) How could this paragraph be improved? Drafting - Organization Sheet Paragraph 5 (conclusion) In the end, what makes each of us really different is our choice to always have the drive to improve, to learn and to surpass oneself. Drafting - Organization Sheet The last sentence (End with a clincher) I choose to be me and that in the world makes all the difference. (wordplay) Five-Paragraph Essay Revision Sheet Paragrap

Journal of Korean Melodrama Peppermint Candy (1999) Movie Review

Journal of Korean Melodrama Peppermint Candy (1999) - Movie Review ExampleThe characterization shows that it was the publicipulative and oppressive connection that led Yongho to commit suicide out of the sufferings that the social system caused him.The movie opens up to show that Yongho was a young business and thusly he eventually loses his enterprise and his money due to the bankruptcy. He also goes through a failed marriage with a Honja who is a woman he used. He eventually loses his dreams of marrying Sunim, his true love, and becoming a photographer. The movie explores these events through the psychological exploration of Yongho. The viewers are clearly shown how these psychological issues are caused because of an oppressive society in which Yongho loved. The society killed his individuality and his innocence to make him a person with no hope and no love.The director also explores how the political, economic, and social crisis of Korea in the eighties and 1990s affected Yong ho. His character was such that the Korean audience could relate to easily as he was a symbol of degradation of the society. Thus the movie clearly showed how the repressive and manipulative social system could absolutely tear an individual apart. The society was a militarized and patriarchal society which was male oriented. The issues displayed in the film explore the masculine ideology that was present in the Korean society at that time.The most important element which showed the masculine ideology was the militarized society that shaped Yonghos life. The military control over Korea influenced the masculine ideology which prevailed in the state. The elements that portrayed the masculinity were the organized use of violence and evasion of the reproductive activities which are culturally feminine. Another element which clearly showed the masculine ideology in the movie was the marginalization of women.The movie was about a mans life from a male perspective and it totally failed to portray the

Darden Resturaunts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Darden Resturaunts - Essay ExampleWe have scale and all the advantages that scale brings, and were continuing to make changes in how we work so our scale works even harder for us. Changes that, during this past fiscal year, helped us limit earnings erosion as sales softened. Finally, we have great(p) teams in our restaurants and our restaurant support center who have tremendous expertise and skill individually and collectively, and who are highly engaged. (www.darden.com)The aim of Darden is to establish itself as the turning virtuoso full service casual dining restaurant chain in North America. They hope to expand rapidly in the already open up as well as new markets (Mill, 2006). International expansion is facilitated by joining hands with reputed local firms and establishing restaurants in those countries. They hope to internationally promote their brands much(prenominal) as Red Lobster, Long Horn Steakhouse, The Capital Grille and Seasons 52.Brand rejection If public opinion is against a crossroad or service a system should be launched to change it. If the public associates a brand with something negative, they will purposely avoid buying that product. It is vital to carefully select the logo and slogan of your product or business so that so as to highlight customer benefits that can be gained from it. This logo or slogan should be put on everything. Brand non-recognition It is of paramount importance to identify the differences between your product and that of your competitors. These differences should be highlighted diligently. Else your brand may not be recognized by customers because it doesnt have whatever outstanding features that differentiate it from competitors.Brand recognition Brand recognition will lure customers towards your product when given a choice between your product and the one they are already accustomed to. It must also be noted that the competitors are also working on brand recognition

Project Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Project Proposal - Essay ExampleTo help strengthen the players in the banking sector in Nigeria and to jibe retentiveevity and shareholders returns in the long run, the consolidation of banks was enforced by the Central Bank of Nigeria. The banks would either have to raise their capital base to N25 billion or face liquidation and leave office the industry (Upaka, Akpata & Olasope, 2005). The purpose of the reforms was to reduce poverty and generate employment while leading to wealth creation. This was expected to lead to GDP growth over a period of time.Many of the small banks were plagued with low capital base and weak corporate governance. Consolidation of the banking system was to ensure a diversified, strong and reliable banking sector, ensure safety of depositors money, play active developmental roles in the countrys economy and make Nigerian banks competent and competitive players in the orbicular financial system (Poyi, 2006). This would lead to diversification and emergen ce of specialized banks. The lending rates of the banks were very high and lending was concentrated in the short terminal figure due to insufficiency of long term savings. The impact of the consolidation of the banks was felt in different sectors but there is not much literature getable on the after-effects. The aim of this research isTheory suggests that consolidation of banks could potentially increase the bank size which could in turn increase the bank returns through revenue and cost efficiency gains (Ajayi, 2005). It could also reduce industry risks through elimination of weak banks. This helps to eliminate the weak banks. The top ten banks depict for nearly and account for more than 50% of the total assets. The small banking sector suffers from concentration of risks. They can provide fewer services and the costs for providing such services are high. Because of lack of effective competition, they are unable to exploit economies of scale. Consolidation became essential bec ause there was over

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context Essay

Critique art piece in an analytical and historical context - Essay ExampleThis master piece has a unique autobiography as it was a wedding gift from Raphael to his close friend Lorenzo Nasi whose family was completely ruined by an earthquake and this master piece was broken into seventeen pieces. It was refurbished in 2008 by Patrizia Riitano, however, the visibility of the damage is still be seen.The epithet of the Art selected for the study is Madonna of the Goldfinch. This beautiful picture was painted by one of the great painters and architect, Raffaello Sanzio. This great picture was made by rock oil on Wood during 1505-1506. It has a dimension of 107cm 77cm (42in 30in). The selected art was made on Florentine Art which was super unique at that time in Europe. This master piece is present in the Galleria Degli Uffizi, Florence. This great painter was born on 6th April 1483 in Urbino Italy. He lost both of his parents at the age of four. It was painted by him at the age of 23.Majority of his work out was primarily done in Vatican. If analyzed closely, Rafaellos work consisted of three different phases i.e. this work in early phase was under the influence of his teacher, the second phase reflects his city work for four long time and the final was the par excellence period where he produced his classy work. His work boomed especially when he approached The Florentine Art Circles (Bossy et al., 2001).Raffaello Sanzsio was famous for his elegance and beauty that is wherefore well respected and loved widely from pope to women. The death took him at very early age of thirty seven however his artist work remained alive and divine for the generations to come. The master piece with the natural eye is a treat to watch. It is even more pleasure to see if someone read the history about the painted pitcher from the eye to describe the picture depicts the personnel namely Mary, Christ, and John Baptist which is a beautiful miniature

Women and the Right to Vote (the Suffragist Movement) Essay

Women and the Right to Vote (the Suffragist Movement) - Essay ExampleIn the declaration, there were issues of the turbulent women of America. They sought the right to own property, to keep their own wages, to divorce, to gain custody of their children, to attend college, to vote and to serve in professions like theology, medicine and law (The Elizabeth Cady brand and Susan B. Antony Papers Project). However, the most noticeable demand was womens suffrage. In fact, one can find a large tot of reasons behind the struggle for suffrage. even up in the early part of the 19th century, there were a few female figures that fought for equal rights. A prominent figure was Frances Wright who came to the U.S from Scotland as early as in 1826. She conducted large number of lectures to make the society aw ar of the issue. Similarly, Ernestine Rose from Poland too was busy educating women about their rights. Also, there was Margaret Fuller who wrote the famous The Great font Man vs. Woman. How ever, the movement got its united form in the course 1848 when Gerrit Smith was nominated as the presidential candidate of Liberty Party. In fact, he was Elizabeth Cadys first cousin. So, it was common for them to engage in discussion and debate over political matters. Thus, in the National Liberty Convention held at New York in the same year, Smith gave the movement a good beginning through his speech. He pointed out in his speech that women were not enfranchised in both nation of the world. He argued for the introduction of universal suffrage, and as a result of the speech, Lucretia Mott-a woman candidate- was nominated to the vice-president post for the first time in history. However, things were not so easy for women at that time because most of the male leaders and activists of anti-slavery movement disliked the presence of women in agitations. As a result, most males disliked the aim of women activists who had been a vital part of the reform movements till then. However as McMillen reports, observing the evident discontent from the part of their male compatriots, people like Mott and Stanton intractable to hold the Seneca Falls Convention and the Convention was attended by important figures like Lucretia Mott, Mary Ann MClintock, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (12). However, what marred the suffragist movement from the very beginning were the thoroughgoing internal differences in opinion and the lack of a strong leadership. After the 1848 convention, there was the even bigger National Womens Rights Convention in the year 1950. In fact, this was organized by Lucy Stone in collaboration with various other early activists like Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis, Wendell Philips, William Lloyd Garrison, and Abby Kelley Foster. Though there were a large number of questions that remained unanswered ranging from whether to include males in the movement, who to lead the movement, what strategy to be adopted, and what solutions are to be sought, it was decided in tota l that the movement would work to ensure women a position equal to men. The so-called meetings encouraged a large number of activists to join the movement. Some important figures who joined the movement in this way are Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and ex-slave Sojourner Truth. In fact, the suffrage movement was not only the result of the desire to vote but was the result of the understanding of years and years of suppression of the weaker sex by both the State and the Church. This feeling is well-documented in the work by Matilda Joslyn Gage in the year 1881 named Preceding Causes. She points out that the so-called subjection to the powers that be resulted in the suppression of free thought, annihilation of all those who

Cyberstalking Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Cyberstalking - Term Paper ExampleThis particular research report intends to demonstrate a deep analysis and understanding some a particular theory along with practice relating to cyberlaw. In this regard, the perception of cyberstalking has been taken into concern. Cyberstalking can be termed as the execution of profits and its associated comp one(a)nts for the purpose of harassing or stalking a person or certain groups. The components might embrace instant messaging (IM) and Internet Protocols (IPs) among others. The practice of cyberstalking can be regarded as one of the critical aspects as it imposes unfavorable impact upon the society by a greater level. For the completion of this project, the factors relating to the discrepancies along with the advantageous points relating to cyberstalking will be highlighted upon. The laws that nurture been hypothecate against cyberstalking are duly set to punish the offenders or to penalize those individuals associated with the practice of cyberstalking (Milhorn, 2007). B) Background The topic of the study focuses on cyberstalking and its effects on various users of internet. Cyberstalking has been viewed to be one of the most widely practiced activities in the world of internet nowadays. It is frequently practiced by different types of hackers and cyber criminals. However, there are numerous laws that have been formulated as well as exploited by national along with international laws for penalizing the offenders. It is to be affirmed that the fantasy of cyberstalking is a much broader concept as the whole of the internet medium is related with it. It may provide with a great deal of challenge to study the overall theories related to cyberstalking. thither are numerous issues that are needed to be dealt with while dealing with the earthshaking concern of cyberstalking. Facing these issues will lead to a source of breeding and knowledge gathering which is quite important. For the completion of this project succes sfully, a deep analysis about the concept of cyberstalking is needed to be conducted along with proper realisation of the problems associated with it. However, the concept of cyber stalking is bound to derive many advantages to the internet world. The laws concerning cyberlaw should be widely supported as with the proper lawful measures, the rising problem concerning the extend of cyber stalking can be lowered. This would prove to be a great aid for minimizing the rates of cyber crimes. As cyber stalking re salutes conduct of several malicious practices, the laws are specially formed to disrupt such practices by a greater level (Bocij, 2004). C) Inadequacies There are various types of challenges that may arise while analyzing the menstruum traits and practices of cyberstalking. Hacking specialists along with cyber criminals often play their roles in a very skillful manner. Investigating teams are required to trace their internet activities in an effective manner. A lot of technic al expertise is demanded to have a clear understanding of the various activities of the offenders. Highly trained professionals are required for checking all kinds of activities related to cyber crimes (Janczewski & Colarik, 2008). The internet age is designed in such a way that people tends to share their personal information very quickly. It can be affirmed from a broader outlook that sharing personal information eventually paves the way for the happening of the activities associated with cyberstalking. As the use of internet is becoming drastically popular in this present day context, it is becoming quite difficult for the people to stop themselves from exchanging personal information over the internet with unknown people. This particular trend is ultimately lede the way towards causing the activities relating to cyberstalking by a greater level. In order to determine the inadequacies relating to the context of cyberstalking, certain crucial factors can be recognized that impose s significant impact upon controlling the ill effects of cyberstalking.

Assessment within a Therapeutic Relationship Essay

Assessment within a Therapeutic Relationship - Essay Example2011, p. S98) and anxiety disorders (Boschen, and Oei, 2008, p. 811). It serves as an integrated approach in the holistic business concern of a patient as it inculcates the biopsychosocial discernment of the client and the management plan designed (Williams, and Garlnad, 2002, p. 172).Assessment is usually the first stage prior to a charge intervention on any patient. It is through opinion that valuable information about the patient is collected and aids in designing action plans for the patient. Farrington, & Telford, (1996, p. 77) defines an assessment style as involving scanning of the available information about a client, selecting the necessary and appropriate information for the case, and selecting the interventions to implement. CBT assessment is aimed at formulating problems that the patient may be going through. It involves linking the feelings, thoughts and behaviours of the patient into a congruent explanation . The counsellor during the assessment reviews the current history of the patient to determine the possible trigger to the current psychological state. Thereafter, an assessment of the personal history of the patient is conducted to determine predisposing factors to the patient that upon assessment may aid in diagnosing the patient (Marshall, & Turnbull, 1996, p. 31).CBT assessment approach is aimed at assessing the cognitive and behavioural patterns in the life of the client and tailoring therapies that address these inadequacies. As pertains to the cognitive, these are the thought and thinking processes of a patient that become hyperbolic sideline a psychiatric disorder and the patient has no control over the intriguing thoughts. Cognitive assessment is aimed at aiding the patient to deal positively with the thoughts (Williams, et al. 1997, p. 72). behavioural assessment is aimed at finding the change in behaviour patterns of the client that alter the effective performance of act ivities of daily living This assessment develops a 5 figure

Nonverbal Feedback Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nonverbal Feedback - Essay Examplehich individuals end up in a conflict or businesses and their representatives leave a negative image of themselves in the eyes of the customers is back of their failure to skillfully use nonverbal communication (Troester, 2007). It has become very indwelling for businesses and their representatives to use nonverbal communication in an effective and efficient manner while dealing with customers. It is essential for organizations representatives to appropriately use the components of sensual cues as well as physical appearance to deal with the customers otherwise they may end up losing their customer (Baack, 2012). For example, I witnessed a lady overtaking up to a customer representative asking for a bank account possibility form. The representative did not seem quite interested in opening the account of the customer because he believed that it was not a major account and quite casually directed her towards the counter where the bank account openin g forms were kept. The lady sat down trying to fill the form but could not understand the details of the form. Due to this she went to the representative and asked him to her help her. The representative responded in quite an unconcerned manner and told her to wait. The lady immediately understood that the representative was not interested and she left the bank in an angered manner. I followed her and asked her what the line of work was. The lady told me that she wanted to open a new bank account and wanted to deposit a handsome amount of money but she matte up that the bank was not interested. Due to this the bank lost a very major

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Anthropology - Essay ExampleThey are early hominids having common origin and overlapping with early human species even though they are not the organise ancestors.gay habilis fossils evidence found in Africa is generally sketchy, but they are the closest representation of the early form that is related to human. Homo erectus also veritable in Africa and later moved to Asia the oldest fossil evidence were found in Africa, later other fossil evidence were found in Asia. Homo sapiens are spread into different forms known as archaic, early modern through to modern (Adds et al, 141). They spread from Africa and from Asia then into Europe and finally, in modern time into other spheres of the earth. Neanderthal man is known mainly from Europe with an eastern distribution to the extent of central Asia. There is a distinct evolutionary way in the species of the genus Homo from the early Homo habilis through Homo erectus to Neanderthal man and later Homo sapiens (Adds et al, 141).Significan t developments in the evolution of the genus Homo interacted with the enormous changes in climate that is cold climates alternating with warm climate, this is because of successive Ice Ages (Adds et al 142). Moreover, fluctuating temperatures led to changing sea levels, during a pivotal period, sea levels were lower and there were land connections between some of the major continents.The evolution of hominoids from their extinct ancestors to human form as is known today has these features the working out of the brain size, growth of bipedalism. Increase usage of manipulative skills of hands, becoming upright, growth and diversity of language together the use of complex features and characters and other intellectual operation connected to the modern day human being. Fossil evidence of the Laetoli footprints and the skeleton of Lucy an Australopithecine give evidence to the early hominids ancestors

A Study of Market Segmentation for Uk Frozen Food Industry Essay Example for Free

A Study of nutrient marketplace Segmentation for Uk Frozen Food Industry EssayA Study Of Market Segmentation For UK Frozen Food Industry Abstract The objectives of this turn over are to perform market segmentation for a SME in the frozen nutriment vault of heaven. The study could form a basis of segmentation framework for a SME like Eden Farm, the framework once developed from academic publications would help to harness a market segmentation in the frozen food industry with relevant segmentation criteria which would form a basis of targeting strategy for the company. In this Dissertation, the literary merchandiseions on Market Segmentation is reviewed and relevant criteria for segmentation in an industry are understood. The typology from the literature identifying the variables for segmentation and relevant strategic tools for analysis of the sector is employ to develop a framework for segmentation in the industry. The framework is applied to carry tabu a detailed seg mentation of the markets for frozen food, an analysis is carried out to understand the target markets and strategic tools used to identify the target markets. Along with the segmentation of the markets, an analysis of the results is carried out and recommendations are provided for strategic growth of the company. Contents Abstract3 Acknowledgements3Introduction3 definition of the Companys Issue3 Aims and Objectives of the Project3 Literature Review3 Review of Academic Literature for Segmentation3 Market Segmentation3 Definition of Market Segmentation3 Segmentation Logic3 The Segmenting-Targeting Framework3 Segmentation Variables3 Segmentation Criteria3 Academic literature3 Literature Review on segmentation in the food industry3 Portfolio Analysis3 Final Framework for addressing the Research head3 Research Methodology3 Research Objectives3 Research Approach3 Research Strategy3 Ethical Issues in Data collection3Recommendations3 Implementation Issues3 Critical Reflection and Conclusio n3 Review of Work Process3 Reflection and critical analysis of the process3 Limitations of the process3 Conclusion and discussion of results in an Academic context3 Bibliography3 List of accedes Page Table 1 Detailed Breakdown of Frozen Food Products37 Table 2 Recommended Customers for EF49 Table 3. a Market Attractiveness for Segments49 Table 3. b Market Attractiveness for Segments50 Table 4Business Competitiveness Scores for unhomogeneous Segments50 List of Figures Page Figure 1Market Share for frozen food34 Figure 2Frozen food market share by manufacturers36 Figure3Frozen food market share by products36 Figure4Comparison of market shares of products37 Figure5Market trends for desserts38 Figure6Convenience store sales40 Figure7Convenience store market share40 Figure8Sales of Eden Farm by Market Segment41 Figure9Sales Trends in catering47 Figure10DPM Matrix49 Introduction The project report considers customer segmentation for the frozen food industry and evaluates the opportuniti es for targeted growth in the sector for Eden Farm, a UK based distributor of frozen food. The retail food industry is dynamic in constitution and is very competitive for the distributors. However, growth opportunities exist in the sector when a thorough analysis is carried out and the targeted segments are evaluated. Hence, the study identifies growth strategies in the sector by using segmentation framework and relevant analysis. Definition of the Companys IssueEden Farm is a distributor of frozen food and ice cream across UK with a strong base in the North East and Yorkshire. The companys prospect market is wholesale, cash and carry, sign groups, CTNs, forecourts, independent supermarkets. At the moment, the company is trying to increase its market presence in various sub sectors of the market. The frozen food retail is represented by many sub sectors and is composed of many market players. The business on the whole is variable across sectors and the levels of risk and opportuni ties for each sub sector and product is variable in nature.

Management Case Study Essay Example for Free

Management Case Study EssayThe case study below takes place at the Sir Charles Wilberforce infirmarys cafeteria, which is experiencing problems with the change management. Due to the new management undertaken by Keith Davis, there was a major issue of inadequate confabulation channels, as Keith told his employees what to do rather than relate them, especi every last(predicate)y with the decision- reservation. The best alternate to rectify this problem is for Keith to adapt to a consultative management style, in cast for employees to take ownership in their make through expressing their opinions and chance more valued, however still countenanceing Keith to still diagnose the final decision. Another major issue care fored in the Cafeteria was the amount of motiveless staff. As employees feel unsatisfied with their work, the best solution to this issue is intention Setting. Through employees tantrum strategic goals they volition increase their motivation through doing of these goals which will lead them to set more challenging ones. Lastly, the third major issue recognised was Keiths unequal leadership skills which made it punishing for employees to fit expectations and find enjoyment in the workplace.The best alternative solution for this problem is to retrain Keiths leadership abilities so he is able to adopt all the qualities considered to ferment a better leader in his managing role. Although this whitethorn be an expensive method, the new leadership qualities Keith will learn will make a happier work environs for his employees and build a better employer/employee relationship. 3. Problem identification Poor communication channelsKeith foc use of goods and servicess on top down communication channels, providing a one way communication which is from him to his employees, rather than two-way which provides his employees to communicate ideas with him. This negatively impacts the hospital as the Keith is unable to discuss problems or ask questions amongst employees to converge if there are any problems going on amongst the workers and therefore leading to job dissatisfaction employees. Although Keith tried to soothe Julia when the issue between her and Madison was brought to his attention, he did not follow it up or treat it as an importance.Lack of staff motivation Prior to Keiths managing, Annes original foundations of self-satisfaction and close family ties seemed to instigate the employees at Sir Charles Wilberforce hospital. Keiths changes were made to become more efficient, employees were left struggling to bring home the bacon satisfaction and motivation in order for themselves to achieve their hierarchy of necessitate (Maslow, 1954). In this hierarchy of demand Maslow developed, employees feel five needs, physiological, safety, social, attentiveness, and self-actualisation, once they fulfil one of their needs they can graduate to the next one to fulfil it and so on.Without fulfilling the social needs of forming social ties or self-actualisation of gaining enough experience indoors the kitchen to become a supervisor, it became unknown to the employees of what they are capable of and decreased their enticements to complete tasks and feel satisfied. Insufficient leadership abilities Keith lacks major leadership qualities, as the organisational layout he uses is to tell employees what to do, depriving them of guidance and support. The Hersey Situations leadership model suggests that leadership focuses on followers zeal (Hersey, Blanchard Johnson, 2001).This theory suggests that at Sir Charles Wilberforce, if the employees feel they are unable to complete a task Keith should puddle those clear and specific instructions. If they are willing and confident Keith needs to provide them display high task orientation, and if employees feel able but are unwilling Keith would need to use a supportive approach. Lack of teamwork The teamwork environment of delegating tasks amongst of employ ees was not addressed by Keith. He believed that employees needed to finish work on time, plan menus monthly and take on cleaning responsibilities, whereas, theuse of team work would have provided a better suited time managed system. Through having each employee service with cleaning duties, preparation menus, helping out some other if time was short as well as assisting each other to get all food out and made the kitchen would be less chaotic. This would have assisted with issues if someone was ill, allowing more than one person to prepare greater portions of meals. 4. Statement of Major Problems The three major problems that are brought to the attention at Sir Charles Wilberforce Hospital are Inadequate communication channels wanton staffInsufficient leadership abilities The poor communication channel Keith utilises is top-down communication from Keith to his employees. As this is a workplace that depends on seeking ideas from others and support from each other, two way communi cations between Keith and his employees is necessary. This will allow employees to feel part of the decision making and feel they can share their ideas to break the workplace. Following this Keith must then improve his leadership skills, putting his employees first and assisting them with any help and support they need in order to achieve a positive workplace.This may involve Keith revising the organisations culture, or diverting the strength and weakness of each employee so he knows how to assist each of them. Once Keiths leadership abilities are improved, staff motivation must be identified and given, in order for employees to become productive within the kitchen and gain job satisfaction, increasing their abilities and allowing them to feel the want to work. 5. Generation and Evaluation of Alternative Solutions Inadequate communication channels Regular work meetingsSet regular meetings within the kitchen, in order to concerns amongst employees to be discussed as we as evaluatio n on how the business is going and openly discuss slipway to improve or maintain it. Advantages Allows for feed subscribe Employees can listen to each persons idea and encourages discussion openly Evaluate the earnings to the previous week and that time the previous year, allowing each person to suggest ways to improve or maintain their profit margins. Disadvantages Some employees may not attendwhitethorn be time consuming to discuss all ideas Consultative management style Implement a Consultative management style in order to increase two-way and open communication between Keith and the employees. Advantages Allows employees to feel ownership in decision making Allows employees to share their ideas and opinions Gives confidence to employees Disadvantages Employees may feel held back to express their opinions because they do not feel comfortable Employees may feel offended if their ideas are not taken into consideration Time consumingUnmotivated staff Goal setting Implement setting goals, which involve employees setting goals that motivate them to improve their capabilities. Advantages Gives self-satisfaction Increases productivity and completeance levels Disadvantages Time consuming to distinguish appropriate and achievable goals Goals ay appear as unattainable and lead to employees to give up Job see Mr Dev can alter the job design to assist in identifying and correcting any deficiencies that affect performance and motivation. AdvantagesJob enlargement, can be use to increase motivation by giving employees more and varied tasks so the employee is motivation to try new tasks Job rotation allows an employee to work in different departments or jobs in an organization to gain better insight into operations motivating the employee to increase his/her skills and knowledge about other jobs. Disadvantages Job enrichment may lead the employee transferred too much responsibility in the kitchen and independence in the planning and control aspects of the job which ma y suppress motivation levels Reward and RecognitionEvaluating each employee to identify which people are performing to their maximum, and rewarding them financially or non-financially for their hard work, therefore motivating other employees to improve their work standards. Advantages Employees will increase performance to obtain more rewards Will produce higher standards amongst the employees Self- enrichment Disadvantages big-ticket(prenominal) to keep purchasing rewards and reassess each employee to recognise After a while employees may feel that rewards may not motivate them anymore Keith may not want to undertake the idea of rewarding and recognising employeesInsufficient leadership abilities Retrain Keith Retraining programs for Keith within the company or externally will allow Keith to develop better leadership qualities and create a happier workplace. Advantages Positively effects employees to feel organized religion and support from Keith Keith can evaluate themselves as to what skills are evaluate to lead the employees Disadvantages May take a while for Keith to learn and adapt to these skills May be expensive Dismiss Keith Dismissing Keith will demolish the issue of poor leadership abilities and will allow the business to replace him with a more experienced manager.Advantages Re-appoint a new manager who possess all correct leadership skills Employees are in a happier environment where they can get the support they need More time appropriate and efficient than retraining Disadvantages May be hard to find a replacement Employees may find it hard to adapt to a new manager and may be resistant to give them a chance due to their bad experience with Keith 6. Recommendation Consultative management style A Consultative management style is the recommended alternative for Keith to address to his employees.The type of management style used by Keith at this point is autocratic, which involves him making decisions for the hospital kitchen unilaterally. Altho ugh regular meetings are a good alternative by providing mediation and assistant towards employees, the consultative management style involves a permanent change to the organisation. The consultative style would involve Keith discussing ideas of possible changes to be made within the kitchen, as well as employees being able to give their opinions and ideas.By implementing a consultative management style, employees at the cafeteria will be able to perform to their optimum level, concentrating on increasing common sense approach for Keith to meet the needs and wants of the employees, as well as making employees realise their own abilities and capabilities in performing tasks, (McClelland, 1987). Similarly to regular meetings, the consultative approach gives open communication, however unlike meetings the consultative approach is more permanent in the workplace and is used daily, for example in decision making, gaining assistance with a task or getting support with a concern.This will benefit the kitchen, as the employees will suffice more positively to any changes to feel more a part of the workplace and a sense of belonging. Keith will benefit from this style, as he will be given a broader range of ideas as well as maintain his authority to make the final decision. Goal Setting Setting goals is the like alternative for Keith to use within the kitchen. Despite the fact being rewarded motivates someone to maintain if not improve performance to be rewarded again, goal setting gives motivation. Goal setting enables employees to measure their processes and work performance.This enables employees to gain feedback on their results, unlike rewards and recognition which just motivates employees to try harder to gain another reward rather than possessing the want to gain the self-satisfaction that they have improved. Edward Lockes theory of goal setting outlines that in setting specific and challenging goals it enables process and outcome improvement (Locke Latham, 19 90). Similarly, job design suggests a different form of motivating to increase their skills of different tasks, however it overly does hold the ability to measure the improvement that setting goals do.If goal setting is adapted by Keith, his employees would be able to achieve towards a higher performance, as well as motivating them to set higher goals with increasingly difficult tasks, once they have been achieved. Through Maslows hierarchy of needs, this can assist in setting goals with Locke and Lathams theory. Maslow theory suggests that although no need is every to the full satisfied, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates an individual to satisfy that need (Robbins, Bergmann, Stagg and Coulter, 2012, p559).This suggests that in identifying each need, physiological safety social esteem and self-actualisation, employees at sir Charles Wilberforce can pinpoint what tasks they need to complete in order to graduate to the next level. For example one of the employees ma y find that they feel they wear offt belong, in order to achieve this level they can set a goal to form relations with other employees on a professed(prenominal) basis. Once this goal is achieved they can move on to develop their esteem needs. Retraining KeithAlthough, retraining Keith may be considered a time consuming process, compared to the alternative of dismissing Keith, it appears to be a more logical approach. Through retraining, Keith is able to gain leadership skills that he may not be aware are requirement skills he needs in order to be a manager. This will transform him from telling his employees what to do, to instead assisting and guiding them through changes. Despite the expenses of this method, it may also be difficult for Keith to cooperate as well as understand the concept of these skills however unlike dismissing, he will be able to improve and allow for a happier work.The trait theory suggests that it is impossible to identify and isolate characteristics from leaders from non-leaders. However there are seven traits associated with leadership, these being drive, the desire to lead, reality and integrity, self-confidence, intelligence, job-relevant knowledge and extraversion, (Robbins, 2012, p605). Eventually with the retraining, Keith may possess these seven leadership abilities to involve his employees in decision making process and form a trust bond.

Summer Vacation Essay Example for Free

Summer Vacation EssayThe summer i had was dire. I did so many different things. I went to camp, went to USA, and went to the land. I had so much free rein. I meet hope next summer is as exciting as this unmatched. First of all I went to my camp with tons of my friends. (name of camp) was so much cheer I played out money on ______ and me and my friends did so much different things. The only problem is that i had to wake up early. That was a bummer. Secondly i went to USA. I woke up early, and took a long bus ride. That wasnt that fun. But i went to very nice places. (list a couple places and explain part of it) Last, i went to the beach with my family.I got a great tan I love just sitting in the sand and soaking up the sun. I relaxed and it was really fun spending it with my family. I went swimming too. Of course its not as fun if i didnt go swimming, the water was so refreshing. In conclusion, my summer was so amazing and im really excited for next summer. The infamous Wh at I did on my Summer Vacation Essay, Im not sure I was forever assigned that one. Suddenly I see my egotism in Junior English. I was 16, flat chested, boyfriendless, wanting desperately to have the whole fitting popular judgement behind me.And it almost was, solely only almost because there I was sitting in my name brand jeans thought I probably spent all my birth sidereal day money on. I am also pretty sure that I woke up at least an hour before domesticate started to get my hair just right. I am still clueless with what to do with makeup save that never stopped me then. I wish I had had enough sense to throw on those old comfy jeans. The ones with the holes in them ( not on purpose), a soft t-shirt and pulled my hair into a ponytail scarcely that wardrobe would have to wait until college. But back to my 16 year old self, English was just a class.not one I curiously looked forward to either. If anyone had asked my favorite subject I never would have express English. I d subs cribe toed the essays and sentence diagramming. I did look forward to the reading lists, although , I tried not to appear too eager. I complained as much as the rest as the class, just at home I read them. Cover to cover. Usually well before the deadline. I hated homework of read chapters one and two. I read books, like I later well-educated to drink beer. Fast until I finished. I couldnt stop at the end of chapter two. I needed to know what happened like I needed another(prenominal) drink.And I liked the excuse to read, at this stage I of felt like I needed one. Reading was kind of cool for a while. Me and ramona Quimby were the best of friends in elementary school. I also went through a slightly embarrassing Babysitters Club phase, only when am pleased to report that the sweet-smelling Vally High Twins and I never clicked. Sometime in junior high those books seemed babyish, and replaced with talking on the phone, listening to unison ( really bad music I might add) and learnin g how to French kiss. So when we got our reading lists every year I dug in. So, back to the first week of English III.You already have most of the background, nevertheless what you dont know is that I was much than a bit guarded. I didnt like letting commonwealth in. Really in. Being vulnerable wasnt exactly effective in my family and well not that safe for anyone in high school period. That being said I would have killed for our first writing assignment to be what I did on my summer vacation. Surely I would have written something ridiculous or satirical. I doubt I would have truly written about our beach vacation where more than likely my parents screamed at each other, I got 3rd degree burns and most of my family got drunk and passed out.Possibly even me. I cant remember that summer in particular but they were all pretty much the same. Not to say there werent any cordially memories from those summer beach retreats. Surprisingly there are many, but at 16 you kind of gravitate towards the bad stuff. The melancholy teenager hanging on to anything to give her a thick wall to build around herself. Yes, I would have written something light and clever and given it a really zingy title. I was well known for my zingy titles. Instead Mrs. Lampo asked us to write not one silly essay but a collection of private personal ones.I believe it was called a me book. I cringed as she depict the assignment. Now, as a teacher I can see what she was trying to do. She precious to get to know us. Who we were, what we liked, how we wrote, how to reach us. The problem was, I was 16 and she was one of them. A grown up. A teacher. A mom of a kid in our class. She was not to be trusted. How could I write all these essays on who I was, my strongest influences, the things I was most proud of etc.. Maybe later in the year. Maybe by April or something when we had a chance to feel each other out. Not now.Not the first week. I can picture her clearly. She was about my moms age. Short, with short dark hair. She was always very smartly dressed, much more stylish than my mom and with her toes perfectly pedicured. She always seemed a bit shifty to me. She had this large mole on her face that I couldnt help but stare at as she lectured. It was about the size of a dime and I swear it got bigger as the year went on. It has made me really self councious about my own mole. I keep count oning about having it removed all because of the time I spent making fun of hers in the eleventh grade.She was probably a pretty good teacher, although she made me uneasy. Usually good teachers fall into one of two categories cold, hard and feared, but eventually that fear turns into reward and the cold starts to warm. This would be Mrs. Holmes my 6th grades science teacher and first F I ever received on a test. Next would be the warm and encouraging type. You learned so much simply because you wanted to please them. This would be my 10th grade English teacher, Mrs. Prejean who introduced me to Anne Sexton on the first day ( no damn summer vacation essays from her either).I wouldnt have memorized that ridiculously long Friends, Romans, Countrymen speech for anyone else. Mrs. Lampo didnt quite fit into either category. I suppose she was hard, but not especially challenging. I didnt warm to her, nor did I truly respect her. I did, however, like to argue with her. This was her fault of course. She introduced our poesy unit with this long flowery speech about how no opinion or interpretation of a poem could be wrong. There were no tedious questions or bad observations. Once again, as a fellow educator I can see what she was trying to do.She wanted to create a safe atmosphere for us to speak up and discuss. The only problem with that was she announced to my class that my observation was dead wrong only 15 minutes afterwards her flowery speach. I didnt burn with shame, sort of I took it as a challenge. Maybe this challenge was just what I needed to motivate me to rise myself to her academically or maybe all it motivated me to do was toilet paper her house and leave an egg in her mailbox with a sour note about Thoreau. Back to my first week assignmentThese personal essays had a cold fearful grip on me.Usually my writing treat involved mulling the topic over for a bit and then pouring it all out on paper the day or so ( or occasionally the period) before it was due. I didnt proofread or spellcheck. I finished them in a flurry and handed them in. I think I was afraid if I gave them a proper reading I would be too embarrassed to even have them graded. My spelling was not something to be envied. I never quite got a great grasp on grammar either. To this day I couldnt tell you what a gerrand is. I somehow managed to get As, although my paper were usually heavily marked with red..These essays were different. I was supposed to reveal something about myself. To her. To someone who could be my motherand that would be the last person I wanted to be ungua rded around. Sometimes I still feel that way. I briefly just considered making it all up. Some fictional crap that would contact her little assignment and still get me a good grade. It might even be fun, making things the way I wanted them to be instead of how they were. I also considered doing what I usually ( yes still) do when I am a bit uncomfortable and guardedbeing funny.Writing decent essays, but not digging in. Keeping them on the surface and full of satire. The struggle was I couldnt do either. It felt like I would be cheapening it somehow. I didnt trust this Mrs. Lampo or her mole. It was still too early to tell if she would earn my respect, but I realized the writing already had. That it didnt just get to scratch the surface or be passed off as a joke. That it was bigger than my fear. So I did it. I wrote about my fears and my hopes and my proudest moments. I impersonate it all on paper and fearfully turned it in.Who it was this 16 year old girl thought she was. I saved one of those essays. I think it is in my high school box up in my parents attic. I did get an A. I cant remember if it was really any good or not. I didnt sign up to be my high school newspaper editor or go on to pursue a degree in journalism. I didnt spend all my free time writing short stories instead of watching 90210, but it did teach me that this writing stuff was real. It had to be vulnerable, and it was most certainly to be respected, big hairy mole and all.

How Capital Structure Affects UK Cost of Capital

How gravid organise Affects UK Cost of CapitalAbstractFirms require a reasonable outstanding social organization to meet the required target. To rustle the finance, firms normally choose to examine several(prenominal) divergent factors that be taken into account in considering.In this study, the author go away examine the correlation surrounded by chief city social social organization and the greet of the cap. As the bell pass on be a main factor for the firms to get up the finance. And different of groovy twist will mother variable live.This promulgate will review the literary productions in capital structure and cost of finance. A retentive with the availability of source of finance, including the matching principle, a storied tools tradeoff theory. As well as the argument follows, pecking army theory and assurance cost theory.Drawing a closing based on the inquiry subject argona data collection. Justify the relationship in how capital structure affec ts capital cost.IntroductionThe term capital structure refers to the mix of different types of bullion which a company uses to finance its activities. Capital structure varies greatly from one company to another. For example, some companies are financed mainly by personaholders funds whereas others take aim a good deal greater use of buy outings.Since the seminal macrocosmation of Modigliani and Miller (1958), corporate finance researchers entertain devoted considerable effort to investigating capital structure decisions (e.g. Myers, 1977 and 1984). profound progress has been made in understanding the determinants of corporate capital structure with an increased emphasis on monetary contracting theory (for example, Barclay and Smith, 1995 Mehran et al., 1999 and whole meal flour et al., 1998 and, for an internationalist view, Rajan and Zingales, 1995). This theory suggests that firm characteristics such(prenominal) as risk and investment funds opportunity set affect cont racting costs. In turn, these costs advert on the alternative amid alternative forms of finance such as debt and equity, and among different classes of fixed-claim finance such as debt and leasing.The author will examine the relationship between the cost of capital and the structure of capital, and the effect of cost to raise finance in terms of making fiscal decision in the firms. books review2.1 Theory of capitalThe origins of capital structure theory lie in the models of best capital structure that were developed in the wake of the famous Modigliani-Miller irrelevance theorem. These models after became to be known as the static trade-off theory (see e.g. Modigliani and Miller, 1958, 1963 Baxter, 1967 Gordon, 1971 Kraus and Litzenberger, 1973 Scott, 1976 Kim, 1978 Vinso, 1979). In this theory, the combination of leverage related costs (associated with e.g. loser and agency relations) and a measure advantage of debt produces an optimal capital structure at little(prenominal ) than a 100% debt financing, as the tax advantage is traded off against the likelihood of subject the costs. This theoretical result is now widely accepted in the profession.However, in seeking to model the wide diversity of capital structure practice, a turn of additional factors feed been proposed in the literature.2.2 Factors that affect capital structureFirst, the use of debt finance can reduce agency costs between managers and shareholders by increase the managers share of equity (Jensen and Meekling, 1976) and by reducing the free cash available for managers personal benefits (Jensen, 1986).Second, Myers and Majluf (1984) reason that, under asymmetric in arrangeion, equity may be mispriced by the market. If firms finance new visits by issuing more equity, under pricing may cause les profit for existing shareholders in terms of the project NPV. Myers (1984) refers to this as pecking order theory of capital structure. The underinvestment can be reduced by financing the misp riced equity by the market. Internal funds involve no undervaluation and plain debt that is not too unwarranted will be preferred to equity. If external finance was required, firms tended first to issue the safest security, debt, and only issued equity as a eventually resort.Under this model, in that respect is no well-define target mix of debt and equity finance. Each firms observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance. Generally, profitable firms will borrow less because they can rely on internal resources and retain earnings. The gustation for internal equity implies that firms will use less debt than suggested by the trade-off theory. separate factors that have been invoked to help explain the diversity of capital structures include management behaviour (Williamson, 1988), firm-stakeholder interaction (Grinblatt and Titman, 1998), and corporate control issues (Harris and Raviv, 1988 and 1991).2.3 How to financeThe conventional discussion on a firms choice between semipermanent and pathetic-term debt has generally focusinged on three aspects matching debt maturity with asset life extending the term-to-maturity of loans to stretch the firms debt capacitance and concentrating semipermanent debt issues in periods of relatively low interest rates. Recent development in the financial research literature has advanced several economics concepts such as transaction and agency costs, tax- quantify option, and teaching asymmetry, to the debt maturity choice paradigm.Brick and Ravid (1985) show that taxes can withal imply an optimal debt maturity structure. Depending on the term-structure of interest rates, long-term (short-term) is optimal, since it accelerates the tax benefit of debt given an increasing (decreasing) term structure.When firms cannot reveal the true look of their cash flows, i.e. when information asymmetry exists, they can prevent or ease up undervaluation by using a variety of signalling devices, such as de bt (leverage), dividend payments or the maturity structure of debt. Thus, information asymmetry gives firms an incentive to signal their quality and credibility by taking on more debt and shortening their debt maturity. A higher leverage, especially more short-term debt, signals favourable inside information to the market because it offers the adventure to renegociate terms in the future, when more information has become available. Long-term debt entails higher information costs than short-term debt, because the market expects a stronger deterioration of quality than insiders do. Firms with a low level of information asymmetry are therefore more likely to issue long-term debt (Flannery, 1986).In the study of international capital structures, Rajan and Zingales (1995) argue that it is important to test the robustness of US finds in different environments. They identify as potentially important the cross-country differences in tax and bankruptcy codes, in the market for corporate co ntrol and in the historical role played by banks and security markets.MethodologyThis survey focuses primarily on the determinants of the capital structure policy of firms but also includes some questions on topics that are closely related to the capital structure. For example, the questions address their approximate cost of equity to the managers, how they envision their cost of equity (with CAPM or other methods), and whether the impact on the weighted average cost of capital is a consideration in their capital structure choice.The survey was developed after a careful review of the capital structure literature pertaining to the U.S. and European countries. For ease of comparability, the author tried to keep the format and programme the survey similar to that of Graham and Harvey (2001), but modified or simplified some questions that are likely to be relevant in the UK context. For example, literature suggests that there are strong differences in corporate objectives between Amer ican and UK financial systems since the former system focuses on maximizing shareholder wealth patch the later emphasizes the welfare of all stakeholder including employees, creditors and even he government.To examine this difference, the author pray the chief financial officers astir(predicate) the extent to which different stakeholders influence their firms financial decisions, the author also ask the firms the percentage of their free float share and whether they have preference or common share.3.1 SamplingThe initial archetypes for mailing the survey consist of a follow of 57 firms from UK. The choice of initial sample was based on selecting firms that are representative of the UK firms, are widely traded, are comparable across country, and are public limited with available information. These criteria are important to justify the firms specific difference. From this sample, 9 firms were deleted because of non-availability of addresses and another 17 firms were deleted beca use they declined to participate in the survey, leaving a lowest sample of 31 firms.The survey was anonymous as this was an important criterion to obtain honest repartees. In the mailing a letter was included that was communicate to the CFO or CEO explaining the objective of the study and promising to send a copy of the findings to those who wished to receive. A total of 12 responses were received by mail, which represents a response rate about 38 percent.3.3 Summary of findingsThe respondent firms represent a wide variety of industries with a larger concentration in manufacturing archeological site expertness and transportation sector high technology and financial sectors. About three forth of firms have a target debt to equity ratios, and about fractional of these firms hold up a target debt to equity ratios of one. Further, many respondents have a large percentage of their total debt in short term. About 80 percent of respondents report that they calculate their cost of eq uity, and over 77% of them employ the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate this cost. The estimated cost of equity reported by respondents ranges between 9%-15% only few firms report cost of capital greater than 15%The correlations among the demography variables of this survey are largely as predicted in the literature. These correlations will be discussed in detail in the next section.AnalysisThree sets of factors in managers opinion that are likely to influence capital structure of firms are selected based on a review of literature. The first set is based on the implications of different capital structure theories such as the trade-off theory, the pecking order theory, and the agency cost theory. Generally the managers will make the financial decisions based on theories and through these decisions to affect their cost of capital.The second set relates to the managers timing of debt or equity issues since literature suggests that managers are concerned about financial t ractability. With evidence support in the findings, most of managers within all industries consider the financial flexibility as the most important issue when raise finance. Finance by short term may give the company advantage in changing their status to meet the changing world environment and provide less risks in investments.Finally, the last set of factors is based on common beliefs among managers about the impact of capital structure changes on financial statements such as the potential impact of equity issue on earnings. This factor shows the important of cause in managers mind and how it will be impact on the decisions.In summary, to analyse a companys capital structure, we assume that the company is only financed by both ways, every by shareholders equity or borrowings. It is just to consider how cost of capital affect the different proportion of debt in capital structure.Figure 8 twain advantages and two disadvantages of borrowingAdvantagesDisadvantages1. Cheap strike c ost because debt is less risky to the investor1. pecuniary leverage causes shareholders to increase their cost of capital2. Cheap direct cost because interest is a tax deductible expense.2. Bankruptcy risks if borrowings are too high.The main advantage of borrowing is that the debt has a cheaper direct cost than equity.Debt is less risky to the investor than equity (low risk result a low required provide)Interest payments are tax deductable whereas dividends are not.However, borrowing has two distinct disadvantages. first of all it causes shareholders to pay increased volatility of earnings. This is known as financial leverage. The increased volatility to shareholders returns resulting from financial leverage causes shareholders to demand a higher rate of return in compensation.The second disadvantage of borrowing is that if the company borrows too much, it increases its bankruptcy risks. At reasonable levels of gearing this affect will be imperceptible, but it becomes strong f or passing geared companies and results in a range of risks and costs which have the effect of increasing the companys cost of capital.Limitation and Ethical issueThe research focus on the UK market and respondents are from different areas of industry. The limitation has been carried out. First will be the time of the research. As a three months research, the data was not examined as check enough to support the authors point. The data collection should be carrying continually in a long period of time and often reviewed at some sealed time. Second, the way of collecting these data is limited by mailing. The survey may not represent the whole market as the limited issuing of respondents. A research should conduct all the possible methods including quantitative and qualitative. Finally, as this is not a professional research, lots of objectives in the research declined to give feedback in judicial decision their financial structure in the case some of this could be their classifie d information.The ethical issue has been raised in this research this will be honestness in the feedbacks from the respondents. As this survey is anonymous research, the managers may not give the right information in case of rising threats in competition. The impressiveness of financial structure in firms causes the mangers to think before they actually answer the questions. The privacy issue in their mind raised that they may not deficiency to share all the information regarding to the financial statement.ConclusionThe purpose of this article is to supplement the existing literature with an analysis of the factors determining the financial structure poignant the cost of capital. The analyses give rise to the following conclusions.The study presents a dynamic model to address the possibility of adjustment costs incurred in reaching an optimal capital structure. And examine the literature in the factors in capital structure in affecting the cost of financing a firm through the fa cts in reality.The conclusion can be drawn as the cost of capital is a key factor that firms taken into account when raise finance along with the financial flexibility. On the other hand, the capital structure of a firm will affect the firms cost in both short term and long term. The firms raise the finance to meet the required target, there is no such a way to limit firms financial structure. They may want to choose a short term loan to meet flexibility of cash flow, in the contrast the long term finance may require more information and contentment of the firms. The cost of capital depends on how firms finance their capital structure.Reference and bibliographyBarclay, M.J. and C.W. Smith (1995), The Priority Structure of Corporate Liabilities, journal of Finance, Vol. 50, zero(prenominal) 3 (July)Baxter, N. D. (1967) Leverage, the adventure of bump and the Cost of Capital, journal of Finance, 22Brick, I. and Ravid, A. (1985) On the relevance of debt maturity structure, journal of Finance, 40Flannery, M. (1986) Asymmetric information and risky debt maturity choice, Journal of Finance, 41Gordon, M. (1971) Towards a theory of financial distress, Journal of Finance, 26Graham, J.R., M.L. Lemmon and J.S. Schallheim (1998), Debt, Leases, Taxes and The Endogeneity of Corporate Tax Status, Journal of Finance, Vol. 53, No. 1 (February)Graham, J.R. and C.R. Harvey (2001), The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance induction from the Field, Journal of Financial economicals, Vol. 60, Nos. 2/3 (May)Grinblatt, M. and S. Titman (1998), Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy (Irwin/McGraw- Hill, USA)Harris, M. and A. Raviv (1988), Corporate Control Contests and Capital Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 20Harris, M. and A. Raviv (1991), The Theory of Capital Structure, Journal of Finance, Vol. 46, No. 1 (March)Jensen, M.C. (1986), deputation Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance and Takeovers, American Economic Review, Vol. 76, No. 2,Jensen, M.C. and W. Meckling (1976), Theory of the Firm managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4Kim, E. (1978) A mean-variance theory of optimal capital structure and corporate debt capacity, Journal of Finance, 23Kraus, A. and Litzenberger, R. (1973) province preference model of optimal leverage, Journal of Finance, 28Mehran, H., R.A. Taggart and D. Yermack (1999), CEO Ownership, Leasing and Debt Financing, Financial Management, Vol. 28, No. 2Modigliani, F.F. and M.H. Miller (1958), The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investment, American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 3 (June)Myers, S.C. (1977), Determinants of Corporate Borrowing, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 5, No. 2 (November)Myers, S.C. (1984), The Capital Structure Puzzle, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, No. 3 (July)Myers, S. and Majluf, N. (1984) Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have, Journal of Financial Economics, 13,Rajan, R.G. and L. Zingales (1995), What Do We Know About Capital Structure Choice? Some Evidence from world(prenominal) Data, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, No. 5Scott, J. (1976) A theory of optimal capital structure, Bell Journal of Economics, 7Vinso, J. (1979) A determination of the risk of ruin, Journal of Financial and duodecimal Analysis, 14Williamson, O.E. (1988), Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance, Journal of Finance, Vol. 43, No. 3 (July)Advantage and disadvantage of borrowing, available on website www.accaglobal.com, access on 28.04.2010How Capital Structure Affects UK Cost of CapitalHow Capital Structure Affects UK Cost of CapitalAbstractFirms require a reasonable capital structure to meet the required target. To raise the finance, firms normally choose to review some different factors that are taken into account in considering.In this study, the author will examine the correlation between capital structure and the cost of the ca pital. As the cost will be a main factor for the firms to raise the finance. And different of capital structure will cause variable cost.This report will review the literature in capital structure and cost of finance. Along with the availability of source of finance, including the matching principle, a famous tools trade-off theory. As well as the argument follows, pecking order theory and agency cost theory.Drawing a conclusion based on the research survey data collection. Justify the relationship in how capital structure affects capital cost.IntroductionThe term capital structure refers to the mix of different types of funds which a company uses to finance its activities. Capital structure varies greatly from one company to another. For example, some companies are financed mainly by shareholders funds whereas others make much greater use of borrowings.Since the seminal publication of Modigliani and Miller (1958), corporate finance researchers have devoted considerable effort to in vestigating capital structure decisions (e.g. Myers, 1977 and 1984). Significant progress has been made in understanding the determinants of corporate capital structure with an increased emphasis on financial contracting theory (for example, Barclay and Smith, 1995 Mehran et al., 1999 and Graham et al., 1998 and, for an international view, Rajan and Zingales, 1995). This theory suggests that firm characteristics such as risk and investment opportunity set affect contracting costs. In turn, these costs impact on the choice between alternative forms of finance such as debt and equity, and between different classes of fixed-claim finance such as debt and leasing.The author will examine the relationship between the cost of capital and the structure of capital, and the effect of cost to raise finance in terms of making financial decision in the firms.Literature review2.1 Theory of capitalThe origins of capital structure theory lie in the models of optimal capital structure that were deve loped in the wake of the famous Modigliani-Miller irrelevance theorem. These models later became to be known as the static trade-off theory (see e.g. Modigliani and Miller, 1958, 1963 Baxter, 1967 Gordon, 1971 Kraus and Litzenberger, 1973 Scott, 1976 Kim, 1978 Vinso, 1979). In this theory, the combination of leverage related costs (associated with e.g. bankruptcy and agency relations) and a tax advantage of debt produces an optimal capital structure at less than a 100% debt financing, as the tax advantage is traded off against the likelihood of incurring the costs. This theoretical result is now widely accepted in the profession.However, in seeking to model the wide diversity of capital structure practice, a number of additional factors have been proposed in the literature.2.2 Factors that affect capital structureFirst, the use of debt finance can reduce agency costs between managers and shareholders by increasing the managers share of equity (Jensen and Meekling, 1976) and by reduc ing the free cash available for managers personal benefits (Jensen, 1986).Second, Myers and Majluf (1984) argue that, under asymmetric information, equity may be mispriced by the market. If firms finance new projects by issuing more equity, under pricing may cause les profit for existing shareholders in terms of the project NPV. Myers (1984) refers to this as pecking order theory of capital structure. The underinvestment can be reduced by financing the mispriced equity by the market. Internal funds involve no undervaluation and even debt that is not too risky will be preferred to equity. If external finance was required, firms tended first to issue the safest security, debt, and only issued equity as a last resort.Under this model, there is no well-define target mix of debt and equity finance. Each firms observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance. Generally, profitable firms will borrow less because they can rely on internal resources and retain ea rnings. The preference for internal equity implies that firms will use less debt than suggested by the trade-off theory.Other factors that have been invoked to help explain the diversity of capital structures include management behaviour (Williamson, 1988), firm-stakeholder interaction (Grinblatt and Titman, 1998), and corporate control issues (Harris and Raviv, 1988 and 1991).2.3 How to financeThe conventional discussion on a firms choice between long-term and short-term debt has generally focused on three aspects matching debt maturity with asset life extending the term-to-maturity of loans to stretch the firms debt capacity and concentrating long-term debt issues in periods of relatively low interest rates. Recent development in the financial research literature has advanced several economics concepts such as transaction and agency costs, tax-timing option, and information asymmetry, to the debt maturity choice paradigm.Brick and Ravid (1985) show that taxes can also imply an opt imal debt maturity structure. Depending on the term-structure of interest rates, long-term (short-term) is optimal, since it accelerates the tax benefit of debt given an increasing (decreasing) term structure.When firms cannot reveal the true quality of their cash flows, i.e. when information asymmetry exists, they can prevent or abate undervaluation by using a variety of signalling devices, such as debt (leverage), dividend payments or the maturity structure of debt. Thus, information asymmetry gives firms an incentive to signal their quality and credibility by taking on more debt and shortening their debt maturity. A higher leverage, especially more short-term debt, signals favourable inside information to the market because it offers the possibility to renegotiate terms in the future, when more information has become available. Long-term debt entails higher information costs than short-term debt, because the market expects a stronger deterioration of quality than insiders do. Fir ms with a low level of information asymmetry are therefore more likely to issue long-term debt (Flannery, 1986).In the study of international capital structures, Rajan and Zingales (1995) argue that it is important to test the robustness of US finds in different environments. They identify as potentially important the cross-country differences in tax and bankruptcy codes, in the market for corporate control and in the historical role played by banks and security markets.MethodologyThis survey focuses primarily on the determinants of the capital structure policy of firms but also includes some questions on topics that are closely related to the capital structure. For example, the questions address their approximate cost of equity to the managers, how they estimate their cost of equity (with CAPM or other methods), and whether the impact on the weighted average cost of capital is a consideration in their capital structure choice.The survey was developed after a careful review of the c apital structure literature pertaining to the U.S. and European countries. For ease of comparability, the author tried to keep the format and design the survey similar to that of Graham and Harvey (2001), but modified or simplified some questions that are likely to be relevant in the UK context. For example, literature suggests that there are strong differences in corporate objectives between American and UK financial systems since the former system focuses on maximizing shareholder wealth while the later emphasizes the welfare of all stakeholder including employees, creditors and even he government.To examine this difference, the author ask the CFOs about the extent to which different stakeholders influence their firms financial decisions, the author also ask the firms the percentage of their free float share and whether they have preference or common share.3.1 SamplingThe initial samples for mailing the survey consist of a total of 57 firms from UK. The choice of initial sample wa s based on selecting firms that are representative of the UK firms, are widely traded, are comparable across country, and are public limited with available information. These criteria are important to justify the firms specific difference. From this sample, 9 firms were deleted because of non-availability of addresses and another 17 firms were deleted because they declined to participate in the survey, leaving a final sample of 31 firms.The survey was anonymous as this was an important criterion to obtain honest responses. In the mailing a letter was included that was addressed to the CFO or CEO explaining the objective of the study and promising to send a copy of the findings to those who wished to receive. A total of 12 responses were received by mail, which represents a response rate about 38 percent.3.3 Summary of findingsThe respondent firms represent a wide variety of industries with a larger concentration in manufacturing mining energy and transportation sector high technolog y and financial sectors. About three forth of firms have a target debt to equity ratios, and about half of these firms maintain a target debt to equity ratios of one. Further, many respondents have a large percentage of their total debt in short term. About 80 percent of respondents report that they calculate their cost of equity, and over 77% of them employ the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate this cost. The estimated cost of equity reported by respondents ranges between 9%-15% only few firms report cost of capital greater than 15%The correlations among the demography variables of this survey are largely as predicted in the literature. These correlations will be discussed in detail in the next section.AnalysisThree sets of factors in managers opinion that are likely to influence capital structure of firms are selected based on a review of literature. The first set is based on the implications of different capital structure theories such as the trade-off theory, the p ecking order theory, and the agency cost theory. Generally the managers will make the financial decisions based on theories and through these decisions to affect their cost of capital.The second set relates to the managers timing of debt or equity issues since literature suggests that managers are concerned about financial flexibility. With evidence support in the findings, most of managers within all industries consider the financial flexibility as the most important issue when raise finance. Finance by short term may give the company advantage in changing their status to meet the changing world environment and provide less risks in investments.Finally, the last set of factors is based on common beliefs among managers about the impact of capital structure changes on financial statements such as the potential impact of equity issue on earnings. This factor shows the important of experience in managers mind and how it will be impact on the decisions.In summary, to analyse a companys capital structure, we assume that the company is only financed by two ways, either by shareholders equity or borrowings. It is just to consider how cost of capital affect the different proportion of debt in capital structure.Figure 8 Two advantages and two disadvantages of borrowingAdvantagesDisadvantages1. Cheap direct cost because debt is less risky to the investor1. Financial leverage causes shareholders to increase their cost of capital2. Cheap direct cost because interest is a tax deductible expense.2. Bankruptcy risks if borrowings are too high.The main advantage of borrowing is that the debt has a cheaper direct cost than equity.Debt is less risky to the investor than equity (low risk result a low required return)Interest payments are tax deductable whereas dividends are not.However, borrowing has two distinct disadvantages. Firstly it causes shareholders to suffer increased volatility of earnings. This is known as financial leverage. The increased volatility to shareholders returns resulting from financial leverage causes shareholders to demand a higher rate of return in compensation.The second disadvantage of borrowing is that if the company borrows too much, it increases its bankruptcy risks. At reasonable levels of gearing this affect will be imperceptible, but it becomes significant for highly geared companies and results in a range of risks and costs which have the effect of increasing the companys cost of capital.Limitation and Ethical issueThe research focus on the UK market and respondents are from different areas of industry. The limitation has been carried out. First will be the time of the research. As a three months research, the data was not examined as correct enough to support the authors point. The data collection should be carrying continually in a long period of time and often reviewed at some certain time. Second, the way of collecting these data is limited by mailing. The survey may not represent the whole market as the limited numb er of respondents. A research should conduct all the possible methods including quantitative and qualitative. Finally, as this is not a professional research, lots of objectives in the research declined to give feedback in judging their financial structure in the case some of this could be their classified information.The ethical issue has been raised in this research this will be honesty in the feedbacks from the respondents. As this survey is anonymous research, the managers may not give the right information in case of rising threats in competition. The importance of financial structure in firms causes the mangers to think before they actually answer the questions. The privacy issue in their mind raised that they may not want to share all the information regarding to the financial statement.ConclusionThe purpose of this article is to supplement the existing literature with an analysis of the factors determining the financial structure affecting the cost of capital. The analyses g ive rise to the following conclusions.The study presents a dynamic model to address the possibility of adjustment costs incurred in reaching an optimal capital structure. And examine the literature in the factors in capital structure in affecting the cost of financing a firm through the facts in reality.The conclusion can be drawn as the cost of capital is a key factor that firms taken into account when raise finance along with the financial flexibility. On the other hand, the capital structure of a firm will affect the firms cost in both short term and long term. The firms raise the finance to meet the required target, there is no such a way to limit firms financial structure. They may want to choose a short term loan to meet flexibility of cash flow, in the contrast the long term finance may require more information and satisfaction of the firms. The cost of capital depends on how firms finance their capital structure.Reference and bibliographyBarclay, M.J. and C.W. 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