Echo Personality Disorder :: science

band Personality DisorderThe term Echo Personality Disorder was coined by British Psychosynthesis practitioner Patrick Hurst, as a replacement term for Inverted Narcissism and Covert Narcissism which later terms place unwarranted emphasis on narcissistic qualities of the personality, which in many of these individuals whitethorn not be a feature at all. EPD is a highly differentiated form of Dependent Personality Disorder, marked by behaviours of compliance and a need to mirror significant others -parents, spouse, friends, employer. Individuals with EPD may be attracted to relationships with individuals showing marked narcissistic traits -people who need to be mirrored or praised- though this in no way forms a standard or universal pattern as is often claimed by theorists. EPD individuals may enter into relationships with a great variety of people, though at core there is a tendency to choose situations in which unrequited love will be the outcome. These traits -choosing significant relationships where love can never be satisfactorily consumated, and the tendency to mirror significant others- were motivating features for choosing the term Echo Personality Disorder. In Greek mythology Echo was the lover of Narcissus. In this myth Echo, a forest nymph, falls in love with the egocentric youth Narcissus, and when he shows clear signs of rejecting her she persists in her attatchement, and will not be moved from her aim. She finally satisfies herself with the masochistic task of echoing stake to him all that he says. This too is a central feature of EPD behaviour in relationships, where the individual will mirror, echo, and compliment another at the expense of their experience self-worth and dignity. This echoing behaviour, though, does not exhaust the mythological potential of Echo, even if commentators on the myth narrow their descriptions to this single episode with Narcissus. Echo also has relations with Zeus, Hera, Pan, and Gaia, which convey a different col oration to those she has with Narcissus, and has many friends in the form of other forest nymphs -sisters as we would call them today attesting to the complexity we find within the Echo personality constellation. Self descriptions of EPD individuals often relate a lack of self worth, and an accompanying fear of rejection, abandonment, and loss, as a result of feeling unacceptable to others. These harrowing fears are a driving force behind the above-mentioned interpersonal coping style (mirroring and reflecting others). These individuals protect themselves from rejection/abandonment by acting so concordant to others, via their mirroring capacity, that chances of re-experiencing abandonment agony is brought to a safe minimum.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

recalcitrant Bowel SyndromeA short car ride office or sitting in the middle of a class can be an uncomfortable and painful experience for someone with irritable bowel syndrome. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of the large intestine (colon) that interferes with the public functions of the bowel (NIH, 2003, para.1). Symptoms may vary from person to person, but usually characterized by diarrhea, bloating, constipation, and abdominal pain. correspond to the National Institutes of Health, 1 in 5 Americans switch IBS and women around the age of 20 are more prone to it, making it one of the most commonplace disorders diagnosed by doctors. To diagnose IBS, make an appointment with your doctor to have a medical test done such as a physical exam, dividing line tests, x-ray of the bowel, or endoscopy (AGA, 2005, para.4). The physical symptoms of IBS are that you must have had abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 12 weeks out of the forward 12 months, although they do not have to consecutive. Also, if your abdominal pain or discomfort is relieved by having a bowel movement, then you may have symptoms of IBS (NIH, para.4). Unfortunately there is no cure for IBS, but there are a wide variety of options to treat the symptoms such as medications, stress management, and feed changes. Antidepressants may also relieve some symptoms of IBS.In people with IBS, stress and emotions can strongly affect the colon. As college students we deal with stress every day, and in order to keep stress from causing serious physical harm, you must know how to deal with it. If you are feeling mentally or emotionally tense, huffy or overwhelmed this can trigger colon spasms in people with IBS. These strong muscle contractions can result from mental stress because the nerves that control the normal rhythmic contractions of the colon are connected to the brain (AGA, para.3). Some suggestions for stress reduction are to get an adequate amount of sleep, exercise regularly to decrease tension, explore the benefits of meditation and yoga, and eat a well balanced diet. The way you eat can also affect the symptoms of IBS. As evidenced in research, dietetical fiber may lessen certain IBS symptoms such as constipation. Diets high in fiber consist of whole grain breads and cereals, beans, fruits, and vegetables (Alice, 2003, para.2). Also drinking half dozen to eight glasses of water is important, but drinking sodas and carbonated drinks can result in an increase in gas and discomfort.

Difficulties Attending College :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Difficulties Attending College Today every unrivaled thinks in order to succeed financially in life they use up to have a college education, or at least most of the time this is true. I personally think that despite the many difficulties that a person is faced with they can overcome their troubles or sohow, even though sometimes they can not help but think otherwise. I, myself have three different reasons why people find it difficult to stay in college. For one sometimes they still have to keep on working while going to school. Two, they have children. Lastly, theres just not enough time for anything in their life, like they cant mentally or physically handle school and their lifestyle. Take me for example, a college student and a mother of one. I find it hard to successfully attend college and keep a job at the same time. My family and myself, right now, are at the bottom of the barrel. When we moved back from Tennessee, we had to use all the capital we had saved. After paying on e month and a halt of rent, both phone bills, and the electricity bill, we had to turn around scrape for food and the following months rent, not including our other bills. At first it was too hard. We felt like ends were not meeting, so I had to find a job. So now the way it deeds at my house is we both split the bills. My fiance has the really big bills like the rent and the insurance payment while I have the escape bill, both phone bills, cable, and the internet bill. We both share the food bill, household items, and clothing. It is essential for me to work to help make ends meet. This is an example of one of the ways some households work. Even though I sometimes have a tough time with school I still manage to stay in school. This is one family that needs to have two incomes to make ends meet. The second reason why I think people find it difficult to succeed in college is because of children. For example, children need to go to the doctors office, or to get shots, or your childr en are on vacation and youre not. Even when your children get out of school for the day and they are too slim to take care of themselves, this is a common problem.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Net :: essays research papers

Asynchronous sell Mode ( standard atmosphere) Networking Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ambience) is, and will be for many years to come, the top of the line in networking technology. Since the knowledgeability of the Network (the ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)) scientists and engineers have strived to touch the fastest information substitute securenesss combined with the most cost-efficient hardware and software. Their products and ideas have forever and a day been based on packet technology and turn-based transfers however, in the mid-eighties an experimental system called ATM challenged these axioms. The ATM consisted of a new topology - Asynchronism.ATM is cardinal of many networking types, such as Ethernet and Token Ring, which differs from all networking types in its fundamental methods. Where all other networks use consistent timing to organize the information exchange (this is called Synchronism,) ATMs use start and stop bits to allow information to tear itself when needed (Asynchronism.) When the information is allowed to be shipped, it has always been sent in groups of various sizes called packets. In ATM the information is sent in a standardized size, these alike groups are called cells.New networking technology is accepted reluctantly, for choosing to buy yourself or your company a technology that does non become widely accepted means the baseless of money, time, and energy. Due to this the users of ATM have been select until very recently. The major users of ATM are universities and explore centers both of who were given government seed money for the purpose. The users of ATM are growing very quickly and diversely as the fear of newness rubs off and look up to grows toward the original users.Though the network was the simple application cerebrate when Asynchronism was discovered, ATM networks are not the sole application of Asynchronism. Asynchronism was successfully time-tested in, and now used in dial-up modems , public Unix-based terminals and the like. This simpler uses of Asynchronism serves not only to advance the performance of their respective technology but also to further the usual approval of ATMs technique.Asynchronism provides a broad array of advantages over its predecessors. Behind the popularity of ATM, the evolution of networks, and the very existence of computers lies Asynchronisms primary advance speed. ATM transfers data from 155,52 Mbps (approximately the same speed as a Fast-Ethernet) up to 2.4888 Gbps (a speed which has never been achieved otherwise.) The average ATM network runs as three-times the speed of the Fast-Ethernet and approximately twenty-five-times that of a basic (switched) Token Ring.Asynchronous Transfer Mode Net essays research papers Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Networking Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is, and will be for many years to come, the top of the line in networking technology. Since the creation of the Network (the ARPAnet (Advan ced Research Project Agency Network)) scientists and engineers have strived to achieve the fastest information exchange speeds combined with the most cost-efficient hardware and software. Their products and ideas have always been based on packet technology and turn-based transfers however, in the 1980s an experimental system called ATM challenged these axioms. The ATM consisted of a new topology - Asynchronism.ATM is one of many networking types, such as Ethernet and Token Ring, which differs from all networking types in its fundamental methods. Where all other networks use consistent timing to organize the information exchange (this is called Synchronism,) ATMs use start and stop bits to allow information to send itself when needed (Asynchronism.) When the information is allowed to be shipped, it has always been sent in groups of various sizes called packets. In ATM the information is sent in a standardized size, these uniform groups are called cells.New networking technology is ac cepted reluctantly, for choosing to buy yourself or your company a technology that does not become widely accepted means the waste of money, time, and energy. Due to this the users of ATM have been select until very recently. The major users of ATM are universities and research centers both of who were given government seed money for the purpose. The users of ATM are growing very quickly and diversely as the fear of newness rubs off and envy grows toward the original users.Though the network was the primary application focus when Asynchronism was discovered, ATM networks are not the sole application of Asynchronism. Asynchronism was successfully tested in, and now used in dial-up modems, public Unix-based terminals and the like. This simpler uses of Asynchronism serves not only to advance the performance of their respective technology but also to further the general approval of ATMs technique.Asynchronism provides a vast array of advantages over its predecessors. Behind the popular ity of ATM, the evolution of networks, and the very existence of computers lies Asynchronisms primary advance speed. ATM transfers data from 155,52 Mbps (approximately the same speed as a Fast-Ethernet) up to 2.4888 Gbps (a speed which has never been achieved otherwise.) The average ATM network runs as three-times the speed of the Fast-Ethernet and approximately twenty-five-times that of a basic (switched) Token Ring.

Health Promotion Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

wellness by definition is the complete physical, mental and social well-being (Burch, 2001). In the past health has been defined as the absence of disease. health promotion enables people the ability and resources to improve and control their over totally health. Being able to adjust and adapt to various social and physical environments in daily activities is a trait of a hale individual. Health promotion is not just the responsibility of those individuals in the health field. An individual?s well-being reflects whether or not that person has a healthy lifestyle. Therefore health promotion becomes an issue for employers, retailers, sports and policy makers among others because issues such as safety and environmental factors will tolerate an influence on the well-being of an individual (Ottawa Charter, 1986). Collaborative and coordinated efforts to provide safer goods and services, and a cleaner, much enjoyable environment should be the goal for all. The goal of all inv olved should be to provide a healthier environment that will provide a better well-being for the population. Promoting health requires the detection of any barriers that would stymy the health promotion process and removal of them. Promoting health is, also, educating the public to current health issues.There are various aspects of health promotion. Health promotion stop be applied to any group or environment. A few of the more popular places and populations we see health promotion being addressed more often are the workplace, community, among adolescent, and the elderly. However, I believe the most effective and important place to begin health promotion is within our school systems. Promoting a healthy lifestyle, bettering quality of life, and prev... ...r 1, 2001 from grow Academic Index ASAP database.Manson, S. M., (1997). One small step for Science, one giant lead for prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 2, 215. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from E xpanded Academic Index ASAP database.1Center for Disease Control, (2001). Healthy Aging Preventing Disease and Improving Quality of Life Among Older Americans. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from http//www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/aag-aging.htm2Center for Disease Control (2001). School Health Programs An investment in Our Nation?s Future. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from http//www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dash/ataglanc.htmHealthy People, (2001). http//www.health.gov/healthypeople/Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986). First International Conference of Health Promotion. Retrieved October 1, 2001 from http//www.who.dk/policy/ottawa.htm

Why did Michael Henchard fail? Essay -- English Literature

Why did Michael Henchard fail?The Mayor of Casterbridge is a novel about the rise and fall of amercurial man called Michael Henchard. The book takes us through hislife when he is twenty-one and outlines his ascent and descent insociety.Michael Henchard is a man of many officeistics. Amongst hischaracteristics he has a kind, honest and determined personality alongwith a cold, ruthless, and stubborn personality. Henchardsimpulsiveness, aggressive attitude, self-centredness made failureinevitable in his life.We first meet Henchard a disconsolate twenty-one year old hay-trusser,he is married with a young fille. We see Henchard trade his wife anddaughter in a drunken rage in furmity tent at a county fair. At firstit was a bit of a joke, a comradely banter but then it turned nasty.The two main reasons for Henchard non backing down from his offer of awife and daughter this was alcohol and his pride. alcoholic beverage played a bigpart in Henchards mistakes in life. He often regrets th ings after hedoes them, and suffers the consequences like the fact that he exchange hiswife and daughter to a sailor whom he had not known, a completestranger for five guineas. It stays on his conscience and haunts him.Henchard was young and aboveboard and felt that his wife and daughter werea burden upon him, and he felt he needed a new start. The sale of hiswife and daughter suggests Henchard is puerile and stubborn. It isalmost as if when Henchard is under the influence of alcohol he turnsinto a aggressive child saying No I said I will sell my wife anddaughter, I dont care what happens I said i will and I willThe next morning Henchard knows that he has committed a solemn sin,but the fact that Hencha... ...hard is now declared bankrupt and in front of the creditors throwsdown his gold watch rather childishly. He would do this because he isa very proud man and he wants nothing.He had used his one talent of energy to create a position ofaffluence out of absolutely nothing. unit y thing about Michael Henchard is that you have to admire him forwhat he has achieved in his life, his energy, aspirations anddetermination allowed him to do this. But the only problem is thatHenchard is too impulsive and acts n emotions, and does not thinkbefore he acts. That is why he failed in life. I also believe thatfate played a big part in his failure. For example the weatherforecast, he acted on impulsion and he did not think about theaccuracy of the reading.So overall I think that Michael Henchards character contributed tohis failure along with pure fate.

Why did Michael Henchard fail? Essay -- English Literature

Why did Michael Henchard fail?The Mayor of Casterbridge is a novel about the rise and fall of amercurial man called Michael Henchard. The admit takes us through hislife when he is twenty- mavin and outlines his ascent and descent insociety.Michael Henchard is a man of many characteristics. Amongst hischaracteristics he has a kind, honest and obdurate personality alongwith a cold, ruthless, and stubborn personality. Henchardsimpulsiveness, aggressive attitude, self-centredness made failureinevitable in his life.We first meet Henchard a disconsolate twenty-one course old hay-trusser,he is married with a young daughter. We see Henchard sell his wife anddaughter in a drunken rage in furmity live at a county fair. At firstit was a bit of a joke, a friendly banter but then it turned nasty.The two main reasons for Henchard not backing down from his offer of awife and daughter this was alcohol and his pride. Alcohol played a bigpart in Henchards mistakes in life. He often regrets things after hedoes them, and suffers the consequences like the fact that he sold hiswife and daughter to a sailor whom he had not known, a completestranger for five guineas. It stays on his conscience and haunts him.Henchard was young and naive and felt that his wife and daughter werea burden upon him, and he felt he needed a new start. The sale of hiswife and daughter suggests Henchard is childish and stubborn. It isalmost as if when Henchard is under the influence of alcohol he turnsinto a aggressive child saying No I said I will sell my wife anddaughter, I dont care what happens I said i will and I willThe next morning Henchard knows that he has committed a terrible sin,but the fact that Hencha... ...hard is now declared bankrupt and in front of the creditors throwsdown his gold watch rather childishly. He would do this because he isa very proud man and he wants nothing.He had used his one talent of energy to create a position ofaffluence out of absolutely nothing.One thing about Mic hael Henchard is that you have to admire him forwhat he has achieved in his life, his energy, aspirations anddetermination allowed him to do this. But the only problem is thatHenchard is too impulsive and acts n emotions, and does not thinkbefore he acts. That is why he failed in life. I also believe thatfate played a big part in his failure. For example the weatherforecast, he acted on impulsion and he did not think about theaccuracy of the reading.So overall I think that Michael Henchards character contributed tohis failure along with pure fate.

High School and William R. Dy Essay

Born in a beautiful place in Isabela on July 25, 1994, it was my beginning of my journey through livelihood. I was the oldest son of train William R. Dy and Eleanor I. Dy. William, a hardworking man, raised his four children in a much disciplined way. It was from here that Ive learned much of his punctuality. When I was sm only, interchangeable every child I had a dream, well more like many dreams. Like every little boy I either fantasized astir(predicate) becoming something like a king or a super hero.As I grew up, I began to realize that life isnt a fantasize and that I have to answer my true calling and eventually led to discovering my real passion. Like any kid going to prepare twenty-four hour period, they have to learn, but to me it was something that make me explore all the techniques how to study and the way others use so many methods of studying. As I prep bed myself going to school my rootage school was in Saint Ferdinand College walking distance in our house. I st udy there for how many years from kindergarten until I graduated Elementary.My kindergarten experience was so sad because in kindergarten, I was separated from our parents for the first time and I am so nervous at that time, first thing that comes in my mind was, there are a few things that I should be introduced to. First, I should know the name of the kindergarten teacher, the principals name, and if possible, where my kindergarten room is. I became overwhelmed at first because of the new accompaniment and the new people. And also I may not immediately like school, but with encouragement, I adapt and hopefully begin to enjoy their very first year of school.Making friends in that very first year in the kindergarten is a very primary(prenominal) issue associated with transition to school. Then the time willing come I was in Elementary, it seems everything gets bigger. The classrooms, the garden even the green space where students play are all noticeably larger. The children them selves have grown and acquired a greater need to interact in groups, so their furniture and materials have been appropriately designed and sized as well. Mr. Maximo was my favourite teacher made learning fun. I also remember his reading voice and he always accepting my creativeness.I can remember other elementary teachers scolding me for my ideas. simply still I enjoyed my elementary experience but sad to say I will leave my elementary life and start my high school life I will miss my other classmate who will transfer to other school especially if you only spend with them for only a year. only when we will never know maybe there will be more excitement, more challenge, and meet new friends. When I began high school in Isabela National High School, I became more afraid because I knew I was entering in to a new world that will manufacture me to become the person I want to be as an adult.I knew that I was going to have many challenges in school, but I matte that being in my class, I never felt like I would fail. My class helped me and challenged me to decide what I truly felt was my calling. As I progressed in school, I became more in tuned with my writing and other stuffs that made me feel even more positive and gave me even the more confidence to continue. When the graduation day came, I was so sad because I will miss those happy days, emotional days and especially those bonding days with my friends and teachers.For me high school life was the best, Ive learned many crazy things in life. Unfortunately, my maturity did not arrive when expected. I never fully realized in the earlier grades how important high school success is. To go from being coddled and having everything sugar coated, to the treachery of real life certainly affected me, and my entire outlook on life. But still it was the best experience in my life. And now here I am taking up Nursing as my profession, College is a lot contrary than high school. You may decide to commute from your home to a local campus.It was like kindergarten I was separated to my parents for the second time. But these are supposed to be some of the best years I have so I will make it that way instead of allowing the stresses of college ruin my experience. The trials and tribulations, success and failures, are all part of what will make me as a responsible, mature, & educated young adults. The experiences I gain from these years will stick with my life and make them cost remembering. And by the way my name is Wilson Elibert I. Dy. Signing off.

The Rational Choice Approach

Whilst race on the whole around the world debate over which political clay is the most effective, social scientists atomic number 18 still in debate over which is the outdo way to analyse governing. Without the correct analysis of political objects how is one supposed(p) to solve which political system or companionship is the most effective? It is for this reason that the way in which we analyse political objects is so important. There argon legion(predicate) different ways to go most analysing political sympathies. One main distinction to be noned is how in America the subject is called political science, whereas umteen European universities just call it politics.European scholars would suggest that the digit political science is flawed in the sense that you cannot conduct certain political experiments. keen pickax theorists would suggest opposite(a)wise as I testament explain later on in the essay. In a lecture delivered by Professor grade Franklin at the Europ ean University Institute, he stated We cannot communicate a random sample of mickle and give them a new political system to fancy what happens (Franklin, 2006). Debates such as these go far advertize than just cross-national. In this essay I intend to give a brief background to the unhomogeneous approaches to studying politics.I volition then go on to outline the strengths and weaknesses of the rational number plectrum approach to understanding the political, paying close attention to the definition of egotism-interest, development various scholars work to form a review of the rational preference theory. The studying of politics can be dated back to the Platonic term of ancient Greece, as early as 420 B. C. However, the departments of politics came much later. within these departments one of the earliest forms of analysing politics was through the method of institutionalism. This involved the studying of institutions.Institutionalists looked at how institutions were fo rmed, what they did and how they were structured. Rather than looking at philosophical questions, institutionalists laborious on normative questions. Institutionalism was criticised for its lack of rigour as it was mainly a descriptive process. Others called it elitist and described it as clever people telling others about their own system (Parvin, 2013). The 1930s saw the American way of thinking revised as a pass on of the change magnitude numbers of European scholars entering America.As a ending of this, and with the growing criticisms of the conventional approach, analysis took a behavioural standpoint. At the same time of behaviouralism, rational excerpt theorists were in writing. However, it only flourished in the 1980s. Rational choice theory involves more questioning of peoples decisions and political objectives and was a lot less descriptive. Rational choice theory, first gear gived in the field of economics, suggests individuals ar rational and therefore f ar in their own self-interest. They do this by advisement up the courts and benefits of a situation.It in addition assumes individuals are rational gist they do not enactment outside the norm. Another assumption is that individuals make their decisions whilst taking into account what other individuals do, or what they believe the other individuals will do. The first weakness of the rational choice theory I wish to analyse is the assumption that all individuals are self-interested. To tackle this it is important to define being self-interested. It is ofttimes defined as one gaining pleasure from an act. However, is an act still self-interested if the person gains pleasure from helping others?If your resolving is no, then what if an act pleasures ones self whilst helping others, but also putting others at a disadvantage. Is this now self-interested again? For eccentric, when a pressure level group member of fathers 4 justice climbs a building to encourage politicians to allow him to see his child he would be seen as self-interested. On the other hand, he is doing it in order to care for his child and give him the correct up-bringing he needs. In this instance he whitethorn not be considered self-interested. On a further note, by climbing up said building police and other services would be called out to resolve the situation.This could lead to a delayed call-out for police to attend another(prenominal) crime scene, putting others at a disadvantage. Does this now make the act self-interested again? From this series example it is evident that there are usually several(prenominal) parties affected by a particular political movement or decision. It is also evident that upon reservation political decisions people often have ternary incentives which may involve benefiting ones self and benefiting others, making it extremely difficult to give determine if an act is self-interested or not.Furthermore, assuming it was possible to narrow down an act to being self-int erested or not, it isimpossible to say every single person is self-interested. This is outlined by the dismal swan theory. This theory suggests that no bet how many white swans you see, you can never rule out the possibility of there being a black swan. One strength of the rational choice theory is that it stretch forths an explanation as to why there has been a a dramatic decrease in political participation since the lay of the 20th century, as outlined in Colin converts book Why we hate politics. For example, between 1950 and 2001 electoral turnout in the UK has decreased by 24.2% (Hay, 2008 49).Decreases in electoral turnout doesnt stop at the UK, since the middle of the 20th century lots of countries including of the OECD countries, turn out two. This decrease in political participation may be as a result of voters weighing up the be and benefits of voting and then advance to the conclusion the embodys outweigh the benefits. People odour as if their vote would count fo r nothing and that one vote is highly unlikely to change who forms the government. Hay goes on to deliver this point of view in the equation of Uchosen Uother p Cvoting.In this equation Uchosen Uother p represents the utility the voter receives if the party they vote for goes into power electronegative the utility received if the other party goes into power. Cvoting represents the cost of voting and the cost is always greater than the benefits to a rational individual (Hay, 2008 50). This is further examined by Mancur Oslon in his book The logic of Collective Action. Oslon highlights how individuals do not participate, letting others put in the work and then reaping the rewards of having a strong government (Oslon, 1971).This has also been linked to the power of the minority and how they can recognize to opt out of a trade union but still get the benefits, for example an increasing wage rate. Both theories presented are easy to ingest as they suggest strong explanations as to why there has been a decrease in participation. However, on a closer examination to the voting system, it may appear that there are more benefits to be earned from voting. Many people experience a whole steping of pleasure from participating as they feel as if they have done a good deed.Which arguably, they have. Moreover, some people may experience a sense of pride as a result of doing something to help their country. Another point to take into account when weighing up the benefits of voting is that some people may genuinely enjoy the process. On the contrary, when weighing the costs it must be noted that the effort and inconvenience of voting isnt the only cost in certain cases. Some individuals choose not to vote as they believe by voting they are accepting a certain partys policies, whereas some people do not agree with any party.Others are anarchists who do not believe governments should exist. In this instance the cost would be far greater, providing further support for the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory has also allowed us to predict behaviour through its vigorous methodology. In the introduction I briefly mentioned the various views on whether or not politics can be viewed as a science. Although we may not be able to conduct experiments which involve observing people in different political systems, we can put them in situations to observe their decision making and join it to the political.One experiment involving offering two bank robbers the luck to either stay quiet or hand over their accomplice saw individuals being rational. The best outcome was if they two stayed quiet and saw them two have reduced sentences, whilst if one stays quiet and the other hands the accomplice over, the accomplice will be sentenced with the one who handed him over button free. However, if they both(prenominal) handed each other over they would both have an increased sentence. This is part of granulose theory and is known as the prisoners dilemm a. Being rational, the prisoners near enough always handed over their partner.Rational choice theorists would suggest this can be transferred to the political arena by explaining that they would act with this take of self-interest in all situations, including within the political arena. Nonetheless, it is important to note that choosing between imprisonment and who governs are two completely different scenarios. To say that individuals would act the same in both situations with little evidence to show this is somewhat illogical. For example when confronted by a woman asking you for your wallet you may decide to ref procedure, but when she is holding a gun to your head your answer may change.The game show whereby equal outcomes are offered to two people but sooner of prison sentences, the outcome is how much money they receive is evidence of how the answer depends on what is at stake. Within this show there were always different combinations of answers with both self-interested pe ople and people willing to share. From this essay it is clear that there are many weaknesses. However, it should not go un-noticed that one of the most influential factors that ca affaird the increasing use of the rational choice approach was its vigour. Whilst other approaches offer mere descriptions, rational choice theory goes into darksome questioning.Furthermore, the methodology is greater than any other with the use of experiments to allow for more precise, qualitative data to be recorded. On the other hand it could be argued that the use of rational choice approach ignores the study of institutions by focusing solely on the individual. All theories possess strengths and weaknesses. It is also apparent that different approaches may offer more concise measurements in different areas so it is important not to rely on one particular approach, but instead use a variety to allow for a more rock-steady analysis.Despite the outlined weaknesses, it has had much success in the field o f economics. Some may argue that this means we should last out with it as a way of analysing politics. However, I business concern that it is not plausible to simply transfer a theory from one subject to another, despite both being social sciences. This is due to the nature of politics being focused on equal distribution and fairness (in the vast majority of countries due to the antiauthoritarian values resulting in a government for all the people).If people were as self-interested as the rational choice approach suggests then there would be a lot more extreme right-wing and left field parties present where the rich want to keep all of their money and the poor want as many benefits as possible. Instead we find a middle ground such as the liberal democrats in England. For this reason, it appears that the methodology does not compliment the ontology as no matter what experiments are carried out, none can be related to the political, as the European University Institute outlined.The Rational Choice ApproachWhilst people all around the world debate over which political system is the most effective, social scientists are still in debate over which is the best way to analyse politics. Without the correct analysis of political objects how is one supposed to decide which political system or party is the most effective? It is for this reason that the way in which we analyse political objects is so important. There are many different ways to go about analysing politics. One main distinction to be noted is how in America the subject is called political science, whereas many European universities just call it politics.European scholars would suggest that the name political science is flawed in the sense that you cannot conduct certain political experiments. Rational choice theorists would suggest otherwise as I will explain later on in the essay. In a lecture delivered by Professor Mark Franklin at the European University Institute, he stated We cannot take a random sa mple of people and give them a new political system to see what happens (Franklin, 2006). Debates such as these go far further than just cross-national. In this essay I intend to give a brief background to the various approaches to studying politics.I will then go on to outline the strengths and weaknesses of the rational choice approach to understanding the political, paying close attention to the definition of self-interest, using various scholars work to form a critique of the rational choice theory. The studying of politics can be dated back to the Platonic era of ancient Greece, as early as 420 B. C. However, the departments of politics came much later. Within these departments one of the earliest forms of analysing politics was through the method of institutionalism. This involved the studying of institutions.Institutionalists looked at how institutions were formed, what they did and how they were structured. Rather than looking at philosophical questions, institutionalists co ncentrated on normative questions. Institutionalism was criticised for its lack of rigour as it was mainly a descriptive process. Others called it elitist and described it as clever people telling others about their own system (Parvin, 2013). The 1930s saw the American way of thinking revised as a result of the increasing numbers of European scholars entering America.As a result of this, and with the growing criticisms of the conventional approach, analysis took a behavioural standpoint. At the same time of behaviouralism, rational choice theorists were in writing. However, it only flourished in the 1980s. Rational choice theory involves more questioning of peoples decisions and political objectives and was a lot less descriptive. Rational choice theory, first used in the field of economics, suggests individuals are rational and therefore act in their own self-interest. They do this by weighing up the costs and benefits of a situation.It also assumes individuals are rational meaning they do not act outside the norm. Another assumption is that individuals make their decisions whilst taking into account what other individuals do, or what they believe the other individuals will do. The first weakness of the rational choice theory I wish to analyse is the assumption that all individuals are self-interested. To tackle this it is important to define being self-interested. It is often defined as one gaining pleasure from an act. However, is an act still self-interested if the person gains pleasure from helping others?If your answer is no, then what if an act pleasures ones self whilst helping others, but also putting others at a disadvantage. Is this now self-interested again? For example, when a pressure group member of fathers 4 justice climbs a building to encourage politicians to allow him to see his child he would be seen as self-interested. On the other hand, he is doing it in order to care for his child and give him the correct up-bringing he needs. In this in stance he may not be considered self-interested. On a further note, by climbing up said building police and other services would be called out to resolve the situation.This could lead to a delayed call-out for police to attend another crime scene, putting others at a disadvantage. Does this now make the act self-interested again? From this series example it is evident that there are usually several parties affected by a particular political movement or decision. It is also evident that upon making political decisions people often have multiple incentives which may involve benefiting ones self and benefiting others, making it extremely difficult to give determine if an act is self-interested or not.Furthermore, assuming it was possible to narrow down an act to being self-interested or not, it isimpossible to say every single person is self-interested. This is outlined by the black swan theory. This theory suggests that no matter how many white swans you see, you can never rule out th e possibility of there being a black swan. One strength of the rational choice theory is that it offers an explanation as to why there has been a a dramatic decrease in political participation since the middle of the 20th century, as outlined in Colin Hays book Why we hate politics.For example, between 1950 and 2001 electoral turnout in the UK has decreased by 24.2% (Hay, 2008 49). Decreases in electoral turnout doesnt stop at the UK, since the middle of the 20th century lots of countries including of the OECD countries, bar two. This decrease in political participation may be as a result of voters weighing up the costs and benefits of voting and then coming to the conclusion the costs outweigh the benefits. People feel as if their vote would count for nothing and that one vote is highly unlikely to change who forms the government. Hay goes on to deliver this point of view in the equation of Uchosen Uother p Cvoting.In this equation Uchosen Uother p represents the utility the vot er receives if the party they vote for goes into power minus the utility received if the other party goes into power. Cvoting represents the cost of voting and the cost is always greater than the benefits to a rational individual (Hay, 2008 50). This is further examined by Mancur Oslon in his book The logic of Collective Action. Oslon highlights how individuals do not participate, letting others put in the work and then reaping the rewards of having a strong government (Oslon, 1971).This has also been linked to the power of the minority and how they can choose to opt out of a trade union but still get the benefits, for example an increasing wage rate. Both theories presented are easy to accept as they suggest strong explanations as to why there has been a decrease in participation. However, on a closer examination to the voting system, it may appear that there are more benefits to be earned from voting. Many people experience a feeling of pleasure from participating as they feel as if they have done a good deed.Which arguably, they have. Moreover, some people may experience a sense of pride as a result of doing something to help their country. Another point to take into account when weighing up the benefits of voting is that some people may genuinely enjoy the process. On the contrary, when weighing the costs it must be noted that the effort and inconvenience of voting isnt the only cost in certain cases. Some individuals choose not to vote as they believe by voting they are accepting a certain partys policies, whereas some people do not agree with any party.Others are anarchists who do not believe governments should exist. In this instance the cost would be far greater, providing further support for the rational choice theory. The rational choice theory has also allowed us to predict behaviour through its vigorous methodology. In the introduction I briefly mentioned the various views on whether or not politics can be viewed as a science. Although we may not b e able to conduct experiments which involve observing people in different political systems, we can put them in situations to observe their decision making and relate it to the political.One experiment involving offering two bank robbers the opportunity to either stay quiet or hand over their accomplice saw individuals being rational. The best outcome was if they both stayed quiet and saw them both have reduced sentences, whilst if one stays quiet and the other hands the accomplice over, the accomplice will be sentenced with the one who handed him over going free. However, if they both handed each other over they would both have an increased sentence. This is part of game theory and is known as the prisoners dilemma. Being rational, the prisoners near enough always handed over their partner.Rational choice theorists would suggest this can be transferred to the political arena by explaining that they would act with this level of self-interest in all situations, including within the p olitical arena. Nonetheless, it is important to note that choosing between imprisonment and who governs are two completely different scenarios. To say that individuals would act the same in both situations with little evidence to show this is somewhat illogical. For example when confronted by a woman asking you for your wallet you may decide to refuse, but when she is holding a gun to your head your answer may change.The game show whereby similar outcomes are offered to two people but instead of prison sentences, the outcome is how much money they receive is evidence of how the answer depends on what is at stake. Within this show there were always different combinations of answers with both self-interested people and people willing to share. From this essay it is clear that there are many weaknesses. However, it should not go un-noticed that one of the most influential factors that caused the increasing use of the rational choice approach was its vigour. Whilst other approaches offe r mere descriptions, rational choice theory goes into deep questioning.Furthermore, the methodology is greater than any other with the use of experiments to allow for more precise, qualitative data to be recorded. On the other hand it could be argued that the use of rational choice approach ignores the study of institutions by focusing solely on the individual. All theories possess strengths and weaknesses. It is also apparent that different approaches may offer more concise measurements in different areas so it is important not to rely on one particular approach, but instead use a variety to allow for a more reliable analysis.Despite the outlined weaknesses, it has had much success in the field of economics. Some may argue that this means we should stick with it as a way of analysing politics. However, I fear that it is not plausible to simply transfer a theory from one subject to another, despite both being social sciences. This is due to the nature of politics being focused on eq ual distribution and fairness (in the vast majority of countries due to the democratic values resulting in a government for all the people).If people were as self-interested as the rational choice approach suggests then there would be a lot more extreme right-wing and left-wing parties present where the rich want to keep all of their money and the poor want as many benefits as possible. Instead we find a middle ground such as the liberal democrats in England. For this reason, it appears that the methodology does not compliment the ontology as no matter what experiments are carried out, none can be related to the political, as the European University Institute outlined.

Art Analysis: Midsummer Night in Harlem, by Palmer Hayden Essay

Midsummer Night in Harlem is an oil painting painted by Palmer Hayden. Palmer C. Hayden was an American painter who depicted Afro-American life as he saw it, especially during the Harlem Renaissance. The painting Midsummer Night in Harlem appears to depict African American hatful departing and relaxing after(prenominal) an evening at church service in Harlem. This painting shows the energy and positive attitudes of the people through the use of vibrant colourise and the happy expressions of the faces. The people in this picture have features that were comparable to the minstrel characters (Wikipedia, 26 July 2013) often depicting Black face.Many have very dark skin with big sporty eyes and teeth, and are all smiles. All of the people are dressed nicely in dresses for the women and girls, top hats and slacks for the men and male childs. It is safe to assume that the people in the picture had just came from church, because in the background you clearly see the church and a handf ul of people walking out as sound as a carload of people driving off.The most prominent line in this art work would be vertical, because it leads the eye up / pile and down/up and conveys the activity in the picture. Upon first inspection of this work, my eyes are drawn to the church as focal point, mainly because of the positioning of the church and the use of the vertical line from the lunation to the kid at the fire hydrant. This identifies the viewers point of view and also shows how the moon is used as the set down source, as well as the street light positioned just in front of the church.The illusion of space around the church leading up to the moon in the sky is utilized to draw your eye upward as if to signify that it is nighttime. The illusion of depth is utilized here in many slipway by the appearance of distance created from the people by the church in back to the increase of people by the flat tire steps in front. gossamer perspective is used in this painting by t he lack of visual detail of the people by the church, like their facial features and their clothing. Midsummer Night in Harlem has a distinct unity of composition throughout the entire while that helps the viewer relate the symbolism of the church and moon in back, to the people nicely dressed and congregating on the apartment steps in front.The forms in this artwork are utilized by the use of many three-dimensional shapes with length, comprehensiveness and depth, like the apartment buildings, the car and the church. Contrast is used throughout the work to help guide your eye from the apartment buildings to the church, and the people. Movement is used in this piece by the use of lines, contrasting shapes and color ins to guide the viewers eye throughout the composition. In this work of art, our eyes move upward from lines of the little boy by the hydrant up to the people looking out of windows of the apartment. From there, our eyes move to the slight contrast in colors of the chu rch and the moon in the sky.A good amount of balance is created in this art work by the way the colors and shapes are combined in harmony. In this image, Hayden achieves a sense of balance by dividing the image in two sections the right side is occupied by details of people with distinct features while the left(a) side lacks a great amount of detail in the people and focuses on the church and moon. Midsummer Night in Harlem has a color object that is analogous because the colors work in harmony and is very pleasing to the eye. The main colors in this painting are red, brown, white and grey.The value of the colors used in this art work is set to dark while the intensity and brightness is set to medium. For good example, the reds, burgundy and brown used in the picture (especially for the apartment buildings and clothing) are warm but appear a little toned down in color. Hayden creates emphasis through color and position throughout this piece. For example the faces of the people ra nges in intensity by the dark faces and bright smiles as mentioned earlier. Also the outfits worn by the people demonstrate emphasis in color some are wearing white while others are in print and color.In conclusion, the painting Midsummer Night in Harlem utilizes a vertical directional line that illustrates that there is some movement in the picture, yet is calming in effect. The main implied shape throughout this art work is a rectangle which also induces a calming effect. The painting has a slight contrast of color with an analogous harmony throughout. The overall illusion of depth and space in this piece provides unity and balance to the composition.

Individual Learner Difference In Second Language Acquisition Education Essay

SLA ( Second linguistic converse attainment ) is a procedure through which an person learns a second linguistic converse as an pleonastic linguistic colloquy after holding learned a native linguistic conference already. SLA involves wide question and is considered a subdivision of apply linguistics. The clear is in any event cogitate to instruction, neuroscience sociolinguistics, and psychological science. Learning a 2nd linguistic communicating is non an easy undertaking, this is a pattern that involves committedness, survey, dedication, patient every cow chip true(p) as clip in put in to devise. Peoples who learn a 2nd linguistic communication do non make it because is and a compulsory proceeds at school, but because they feel encouraged to acquire it, sing ingredients such us, communicating with aliens, academic surveies and better chances to happen a wide occupation.Research has shown that at that place argon differences among 2nd linguistic communication pupilly persons that signifi burntly affect linguistic communication accomplishment success. As a consequence, the survey of bingle differences ( IDs ) particularly in linguistic communication acquisition creator and linguistic communication aptitude has been attributed to researches on L2 surveies dating back to the sixtiess. Motivation is what guides people to carry through and be successful in all countries of life. Sing the schoolroom environment, this term is the footing of how enthusiastic or un departing pupils are to larn and the counsel force to go forward the extended and somewhattimes boring learning procedure. Both the grade of motive and educational success often seem to travel manus in manus, which tummy be clearly observed throughout the instruction pattern.This essay seeks to research and discourse in item one person scholar difference in 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, which is motive. Apart from specifying the term, sing different writers, the essa y allow besides include the analysis of the assorted types of motive, every bit honest as, the function motive plays in 2nd linguistic communication schoolrooms. And eventually, ways of furthering motive entrust be proposed.The term Motivation in SLAOne of the single scholar differences in SLA is motive, which is a term hard to specify, since its significance could depend on the persons and their civilisations. Dornyei ( 2002 1 ) says that motive is best seen as a wide umbrella term that covers a assortment of significances , but at the same time this writer besides describes motive as the factor in charge of purpose why persons decide to transport out an act, the sum of hear people invest in the undertakings every bit good as the rate of perseverance people put when finishing assorted activities. Alike Dornyei, forward passer and Smith ( 2004 327 ) perceive motive as a procedure that influences the way, continuity and energy of goal-directed behavior . Harmonizing to Ga rdner ( 1985 ) , motive is what makes people to move towards a given state of affairs. Taking into consideration all these definitions which state of matter what the term of motive is, it can be deduced that the construct refer to some type of energy that guides persons to set about a undertaking in their lives.The motivated linguistic communication scholarLightbown and Spada ( 2002 ) foretell out that motive is a factor that plays an of import function in linguistic communication acquisition success. In the context of linguistic communication acquisition is what pushes a student to derive cognition of the English linguistic communication. The importance of motive in relation to accomplishing the ends of larning English as a Second style harmonizing to Naiman et Al, ( 1978 ) is that it gives the scholar the ability to digest ambiguity a demand for accomplishment a positive orientation towards the undertaking high aspirations ego engagement persistency and end orientation. T herefore, a motivated linguistic communication pupil is a individual who has positive attitudes towards the mark linguistic communication. These attitudes are shown when the 2nd linguistic communication scholar makes attempts to get the linguistic communication and has a consistent desire of analyzing and detecting new and extra stuff. Furthermore, looking for chances and ways where he or she allow for be able to set in pattern the mark linguistic communication. An extra manner of specifying a motivated scholar is when larning the 2nd linguistic communication is a comfy state of affairs for the learner, taking pleasance in the undertakings tortuous. Furthermore, a student that arrest a high point of motive will doubtless experience pleased about larning the linguistic communication.Research workers contract arisen several accounts of what encourages scholars to analyze a foreign linguistic communication they have frame that motivational factors are cardinal at the clip of tal king about 2nd linguistic communication success.Types of motiveAs it was mentioned earlier, there are assorted significances for motive in SLA, irrespective of the words they fundamentally refer to the same impression. Besides, there are different factors which slightly vary depending on the writers points of position. I will mention in this essay to the different types of motive, taking into consideration different writers.Extrinsic and Intrinsic motiveThe words alien and intrinsic are to some extent complicated, given that both footings do non look to hold a clear definition in the field of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. Passer and Smith ( 2004 ) citation extrinsic and intrinsic motive, even though Noels ( 2002 ) uses the footings extrinsic and intrinsic orientations. For these writers, Passer and Smith and Noel, extrinsic signifies that people carry out an action to carry through an external end or evade penalty, while by intrinsic motive the writers wholly mean tha t pupils do activities, due to the comfort they get from the undertakings themselves. Activities that motivate pupils per se are likened to gratifying activities, merriment, or things that pupils do out of their ain pick. Some of the conducted surveies assert that per se spark activities lead to change acquisition by the pupils. The difference between Passer & A Smith ( 2004 ) and Noels ( 2002 ) is merely the impression motive and orientations, in position of the fact that both footings involved different attacks of motive. The initial term proposes that the motive itself comes from outside or within while the term orientation suggests that it is instead the different triggers of motive that comes from outside or within.Although, Glasser ( 1996 ) does non utilize the footings intrinsic and extrinsic, he provides a 3rd path to see where motive comes from. He states that motive is produced seeking to fulfill the indispensable desires which all human race existences own. For case , the demand of amusement. He points out that even if a individual is influenced by the environment, all motive still comes from inside the person, because it is he or she who truly film whether or non and how to transport out an activity. Though I concur with Glasser that merely the persons are the 1s who make their ain determinations, I think that what motivates people, are factors which can be both external and internal.Alternatively, Garden and Lambet ( 1972 ) coined the undermentioned footings to sort motive.Integrative MotivationGarden and Lambet ( 1972 ) depict this term as the desire that the scholars have to familiarise themselves with the civilization of the cultural group that speaks the linguistic communication they intend to larn. Gardner ( 2002 ) himself perceives Integrativeness as one of the factors that conduct to motive for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, and by this he suggests that whether scholars have the hope to come nearer the L2 community they wil l hold existent desire in larning and analyzing the 2nd linguistic communication. Besides, the term besides refers to the grade at which the scholar desires to understand the mark community. Basically, compositional motive refers to a scholar s desire to spread out their association with the community that they are aiming. Saville Troike, ( 2005 ) swear that the chief triggers of this type of motive are emotions or affectional factors. For case, a Chilean male child who come to populate in London for a clip, run into an English miss and autumn in love with her. He will hold the desire and motive to larn English in order to pass on with his girlfriend and integrate into the new civilization and go portion of the community.As Chile is chiefly a monocultural society, opportunities to use the 2nd linguistic communication in day-to-day conversations are reasonably limited. Therefore, scholars do non experience motivated to larn the 2nd linguistic communication to go portion of the com munity, since they merely need their first linguistic communication to interact.It can be discussed that integrative motive is an intrinsic factor, because it implies that larning a 2nd linguistic communication is more a concluding purpose itself instead than a mean to carry through a concluding end, due to the reliable desire on the acquisition undertakings ( Noels ( 2002 ) . slavish MotivationOne more term that Gardner and Lambert do up is instrumental motive which Lightbown & A Spada ( 2002 56 ) introduce as linguistic communication acquisition for more immediate or practical ends . Very similar to integrative motive, instrumental motive besides sees linguistic communication acquisition as an instrument to carry through a end instead than the satisfaction in the action itself. However, what reportes both footings is the concluding purpose, which in integrative motive is the interaction in the L2 community while in instrumental motive the ultimate end is more practical, for case, obtaining a better occupation, calling developmental or go throughing tests. For most Chilean scholars of English instrumental motive is the cardinal component at the clip to larn English as a 2nd linguistic communication.For Lightbown & A Spada ( 2002 ) both types of motive are of import, they say that whether the pupils feel the necessity to interact in the 2nd linguistic communication in assorted societal state of affairss or to carry through academic and professional aspirations, the communicative value of the foreign linguistic communication will be perceived and hence, they will experience encouraged to acquire proficiency in the linguistic communication. I agree with the writers that both types of motive are of import to get a 2nd linguistic communication, However for Chilean people integrative motive is far to be seen as a ground to analyze the 2nd linguistic communication due to the fact that Chile, as I mentioned earlier, is a monocultural and monolingual society.Cl assroom Learning Motivation V. Language Learning MotivationWhen sing 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and motive, it is of import to set two motivational concepts into consideration. Research has shown that there are two classs of motive that should be put into history when discoursing SLA. This in general trades with the difference that exists between schoolroom larning motive and linguistic communication learning motive. Language learning motive refers to the desire to larn a 2nd linguistic communication. Language learning motive includes evaluated 2nd linguistic communication acquisition, socio-educational representation ( Gardner, 1985 ) , the readiness to discourse supposed account ( Clement, Dornyei, MacIntyre & A Noels, 1998 ) among others. It is the cosmopolitan type of motive that applies to any context of larning a linguistic communication. The cosmopolitan properties of the scholar relate to the demand to larn the linguistic communication. Clement s ( 1980 ) so cietal context theoretical account, Gardner s ( 1985 ) SLA social-education theoretical account among others, agree that the motive or desire to larn a 2nd linguistic communication is a characteristic that has appreciable effects on the single although they are different when it comes to assessment, correlatives and ancestors.The other type of motive is the larning motive in a schoolroom. Harmonizing to Heckhausen and Kuhl ( 1985 ) , classroom-learning motive is the general educational psychological science as described by Dornyei s theoretical account of post-actional, actional, and pre-actional motive theoretical account. Although it is seen to be an of import portion to motive as a whole, the SLA socio-educational theoretical account by Gardner, ( 1985 ) , characterizes it. The chief focal point is the individual s position on the mission to be achieved and to a big extent, it is province oriented. This means that a figure of issues that are related to the linguistic communicati on division will impact the person s perceptual experience. As a consequence, the ambiance in the category, the instructor, the contents of the class, installations and stuffs combined with the pupil s personal properties will impact the individual s motive when it comes to classroom acquisition.It is difficult to distinguish between the two classs of motive because they control the person at any peculiar clip. Therefore, it is of import to see both categories of motive operative. Merely every bit difficult as it is to specify motive, it is every bit hard to give an account to the significance of larning a 2nd linguistic communication. Harmonizing to Gardner, the motivational strength can merely be estimated from questionnaires based on an person s attitude and is considered to be a concealed psychometric feature. Other educational patterns have applied the usage of indexs that have been observed from person s behaviour in response to a given undertaking. This depends on the indivi dual s choice of undertakings, which is impelled by the degree of trouble, the doggedness of the scholar to undertake the job at manus, the extent at which an person participates in a group or category activities, the span of attending and focal point, or the qualitative information available on mouth studies of self-regulation and self-monitoring.The new research plan by Crookes and Schmidt ( 1991 ) includes the promotions made in the cosmopolitan educational, which has narrowed to the field of linguistic communication larning motive. This directs its focal point on persons, the attacks that the scholar might implement in the acquisition procedure, the acquisition contexts, and the discernible behavior of category members. Following the origin of the new lineation, the countries of involvement have shifted to the scholar as an person. In Covington s self-worthy theory ( 1998 ) , the importance of the scholar s thoughts were emphasized, their ain beliefs, the scheme they use, and the degree of their desire to cover with the undertaking at manus. The self- efficaciousness construct by Bandura ( 1997 ) is a rightfully of import related characteristic which assesses the degree at which scholars gauge their possible and their ain direction. Persons who have this ability come up with an efficient motivational thought scheme and are able to cut down the hazard of failure and increase their opportunities of success while depending less on outside obligatory steps and schemes.Motivation single Learner Difference in Chilean CultureClement and Noels ( 1996 ) indicate that the cultural scenes present different linguistic communication acquisition and single scholar differences. In the Chilean cultural scene, the motive to larn the English linguistic communication offer some challenges to the scholars due to most of the pupils who attend Chilean everyday schools are in societal hazard. In add-on, many of the scholars may be discouraged to set personal attempt in larn ing the linguistic communication because of the fact that they may non happen the linguistic communication utile outside the educational scene. Others may be of the sentiment that their opportunities of going to a state where English is spoken as a native linguistic communication are instead minimum. Furthermore, challenges that come with learning a category that has many pupils may impact the effectiveness of the instructors and the quality of the lesson. This together with the small involvement towards larning the English linguistic communication may act upon negatively the motive to learn every bit good as the motive to larn.Fostering MotivationThe best ways to further motive is to make a good environment, which is good for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition. This can be done by cut downing the figure of pupils per category to guarantee that the direction given by the English instructors is of good quality. The instructors should besides come up with programs that apply to both slow scholars and fast scholars so as to guarantee that those who do non hold on rapidly are non left(p) far behind because this may demotivate them to go on larning. The schools may see originating exchange plans with schools where English is the native linguistic communication. This would give pupils the feeling that analyzing English is non an attempt in vain but a measure in the right way since it would assist them in procuring occupations and touring other parts of the universe. Furthermore, instructors should come up with a timetable that gives us adequate clip to fix for our categories by acquiring the necessary stuffs every bit good as reflecting on the success of the plan. This would assist us in coming up with a better program to learn hence bettering our learning methodological analysis. It would besides assist instructors find ways of actuating their ain pupils. With the relevant governments guaranting that, schools are good equipped to learn English as a 2nd ling uistic communication, pupils will be motivated to larn and instructors will be motivated to learn.DecisionThe above treatment has provided an analysis of motive as an single scholar difference. There have been legion research surveies researching single scholar differences, which have indicated that the chief ground why many L2 pupils fail while others win effortlessly is the presence of different pupil features such as linguistic communication aptitude, motive, or personality traits. The motive of the pupil is really of import in the acquisition procedure and is regarded as the cardinal factor that contributes to the success of SLA. Research has revealed that intrinsic motive is more successful than external or extrinsic motive over the long term. Some pupils larning rate is high as compared to others. Some scholars are able to hold on rapidly and they go on to the degree of making near-native competency while slow scholars experience troubles in the early phases of the acquisiti on procedure. Recently conducted research has shown that this disparity is caused by the peculiar scheme adopted by the scholar, motive, anxiousness, personality, every bit good as social and societal influences.Research has clearly shown that the strength of the pupil s motive to its highest degree, including the cognitive, affectional, and behavioural constituents are the most of import facets towards success in SLA. Since the integrative motivation incorporates the facet of being unfastened to cultural designation as portion of the procedure, it tries to connote that integrating may be more affiliated to accomplishing highest degree of accomplishment as compared to other types of motive that do non hold this constituent. Classroom larning motive seems to be a system that encourages persons to get specific linguistic communication elements but for the pupils to be Masterss of the linguistic communication, more is needed. In my sentiment, the integrative motive provides the pupils with a better platform for SLA.A instructor s function in the procedure of larning a 2nd linguistic communication is instead complicated but really of import. It surpasses the proviso of wages since the whole experience is dependent on the self-efficacy of the pupil. The instructor s function entails supplying disputing yet supportive environment to let the pupils to larn and research their possible. The instructors are besides supposed to assist their pupils to develop their ain motivational thought by detecting their original orientation. The most ambitious facet in all of this is seeking to avoid anything that may de-motivate the pupils. Although it is really much possible to conceive of other signifiers of motive, the type of motive does non count really much. The difference that emerges between instrumental and integrative motive, or between extrinsic and intrinsic motive does really small in assisting us to understand the function that motive dramas in 2nd linguistic communica tion acquisition.

Chapter 3 The Knight Bus

chevy was s of all timeal streets away before he collapsed onto a base groin in Magnolia Crescent, panting from the effort of dragging his t rangek. He sat quite still, anger still surging through him, bewargoning to the frantic banging of his heart.But after ten minutes alone in the dark street, a new emotion all overtook him panic. Whichever way he looked at it, he had neer been in a worse fix. He was stranded, quite alone, in the dark Muggle world, with absolutely directlyhere to go. And the worst of it was, he had just done serious magic, which meant that he was almost certainly expelled from Hogwarts. He had broken the Decree for the Restriction of Underage Wizardry so badly, he was surprised Ministry of Magic representatives werent swooping land on him where he sat. get at shivered and looked up and down Magnolia Crescent.What, was going to happen to him? Would he be arrested, or would he simply be come to the forelawed from the superstaring world? He position of Ro n and Hermione, and his heart sank even lower. kindle was sure that, criminal or not, Ron and Hermione would want to help him now, notwithstanding they were both abroad, and with Hedwig gone, he had no means of contacting them.He didnt select any Muggle money, either. at that place was a little charming flamboyant in the money bag at the bottom of his trunk, alone the rest of the fortune his parents had leave him was stored in a vault at Gringotts Wizarding Bank in London. Hed never be adequate to drag his trunk all the way to London. UnlessHe looked down at his truncheon, which he was still clutching in his hand. If he was al use upy expelled (his heart was. now thumping painfully fast), a bit more magic couldnt hurt. He had the Invisibility Cloak he had inherited from his father what if he bewitched the trunk to make it feather-light, tied it to his broomstick, covered himself in the cloak, and flew to London? Then he could get the rest of his money away of his vault a ndbegin his life as an come forthcast. It was a horrible prospect, but he couldnt sit on this wall forever, or hed find himself trying to explain to Muggle police why he was out in the dead of night with a trunk full of speckle books and a broomstick.Harry opened his trunk again and pushed the contents aside, looking for the Invisibility Cloak but before he had found it, he straightened up suddenly, looking around him erstwhile more.A funny prickling on the back of his neck had made Harry feel he was being watched, but the street appeared to be deserted, and no lights shone from any of the large square ho maps.He bent over his trunk again, but almost immediately stood up once more, his hand clenched on his wand. He had sensed rather than heard it several(prenominal)one or something was standing in the narrow gap between the service department and the fence behind him. Harry squinted at the black back street. If only it would move, then hed know whether it was just a stray cat or something else.Lumos, Harry muttered, and a light appeared at the end of his wand, almost dazzling him. He held it high over his head, and the pebble-dashed walls of number two suddenly sparkled the garage entry gleamed, and between them Harry saw, quite distinctly, the hulking outline of something in truth big, with wide, gleaming eyes.Harry stepped backward. His legs hit his trunk and he tripped. His wand flew out of his hand as he flung out an arm to break his fall, and he landed, hard, in the gutter.There was a deafening BANG, and Harry threw up his hands to shield his eyes against a sudden blatant lightWith a yell, he rolled back onto the pavement, just in time. A second later, a gigantic pair of wheels and headlights screeched to a halt but where Harry had just been lying. They belonged, as Harry saw when he raised his head, to a triple-decker, violently purple passenger car, which had appeared out of thin air. Gold lettering over the windshield spelled The gymnastic horse Bus.For a split second, Harry wondered if he had been knocked silly by his fall. Then a conductor in a purple analogous leapt out of the bus and began to speak loudly to the night.Welcome to the Knight Bus, emergency transport for the stranded witch or wizard. just stick out your wand hand, step on board, and we can take you anywhere you want to go. My name is Stan Shunpike, and I will be your conductor this eveThe conductor stopped abruptly. He had just caught sight of Harry, who was still sitting on the ground. Harry snatched up his wand again and scrambled to his feet. Close up, he saw that Stan Shunpike was only a few years older than he was, eighteen or nineteen at most, with large, protruding ears and quite a few pimples.What were you doin down in that respect? hypothesise Stan, dropping his professional manner.Fell over, express Harry.Choo fall over for? sniggered Stan.I didnt do it on purpose, verbalise Harry, annoyed. One of the knees in his jeans was torn, and the hand he had propel out to break his fall was bleeding. He suddenly remembered why he had fallen over and turned around quickly to stare at the alleyway between the garage and fence. The Knight Buss headlamps were flooding it with light, and it was empty.Choo lookin at? state Stan.There was a big black thing, utter Harry, pointing uncertainly into the gap. Like a suction stopbut massiveHe looked around at Stan, whose mouth was slightly open. With a feeling of unease, Harry saw Stans eyes move to the scar on Harrys forehead.Woss that on your ead? express Stan abruptly.Nothing, said Harry quickly, flattening his hair over his scar. If the Ministry of Magic was looking for him, he didnt want to make it too easy for them.Woss your name? Stan persisted.Neville Longbottom, said Harry, saying the first name that came into his head. So so this bus, he went on quickly, hoping to distract Stan, did you say it goes anywhere?Yep, said Stan proudly, anywhere you like, long its on land. C ant do nuffink underwater.Ere, he said, looking suspicious again, you did flag us down, dincha? Stuck out your wand and, dincha?Yes, said Harry quickly. Listen, how much would it be to get to London?Eleven Sickles, said Stan, but for firteen you get ot chocolate, and for fifteen you get an ot-water bottle an a toofbrush in the color of your choice.Harry rummaged once more in his trunk, extracted his money bag, and shoved some gold into Stans hand. He and Stan then lifted his trunk, with Hedwigs coop balanced on top, up the steps of the bus.There were no seats instead, half a dozen impertinence bedsteads stood beside the curtained windows. Candles were burning in brackets beside each bed, illuminating the wood-paneled walls. A tiny wizard in a nightcap at the rear of the bus muttered, Not now, thanks, Im pickling some slugs and rolled over in his sleep.You ave this one, Stan whispered, shoving Harrys trunk under the bed right behind the driver, who was sitting in an armchair in fro nt of the steering wheel. This is our driver, gray sea eagleie Prang. This is Neville Longbottom, Ern.Ernie Prang, an elderly wizard wearing very thick glasses, nodded to Harry, who nervously shape his bangs again and sat down on his bed.Take er away, Ern, said Stan, sitting down in the armchair next to Ernies.There was another tremendous BANG, and the next moment Harry found himself flat on his bed, thrown backward by the speed of the Knight Bus. Pulling himself up, Harry stared out of the dark window and saw that they were now bowling along a alone different street. Stan was watching Harrys stunned human slip with great enjoyment.This is where we was before you flagged us down, he said. Where are we, Ern? Somewhere in Wales?Ar, said Ernie.How come the Muggles dont hear the bus? said Harry.Them said Stan contemptuously. Don listen properly, do they? Don look properly either. Never notice nuffink, they don.Best go wake up Madam Marsh, Stan, said Ern. Well be in Abergavenny in a minute.Stan passed Harrys bed and disappeared up a narrow wooden staircase. Harry was still looking out of the window, feeling increasingly nervous. Ernie didnt seem to have mastered the use of a steering wheel. The Knight Bus kept mounting the pavement, but it didnt hit anything lines of lampposts, mailboxes, and trash cans jumped out of its way as it approached and back into position once it had passed.Stan came back downstairs, followed by a faintly green witch wrapped in a traveling cloak.Ere you go, Madam Marsh, said Stan happily as Ern stamped on the brake and the beds slid a foot or so toward the front of the bus. Madam Marsh clamped a handkerchief to her mouth and tottered down the steps. Stan threw her bag out after her and rammed the doors shut there was another loud BANG, and they were thundering down a narrow country lane, trees leaping out of the way.Harry wouldnt have been able to sleep even if he had been traveling on a bus that didnt keep banging loudly and jumping a hundred miles at a time. His stomach churned as he fell back to wondering what was going to happen to him, and whether the Dursleys had managed to get Aunt Marge glum the ceiling yet.Stan had unfurled a replicate of the Daily Prophet and was now reading with his tongue between his teeth. A large photograph of a sunken-faced man with long, matted hair blinked slowly at Harry from the front page. He looked strangely familiar.That man Harry said, forgetting his troubles for a moment. He was on the Muggle newsStanley turned to the front page and chuckled.Sirius swart, he said, nodding. line of products e was on the Muggle news, Neville. Where you been?He gave a superior sort of chuckle at the blank look on Harrys face, removed the front page, and handed it to Harry.You oughta read the papers more, Neville.Harry held the paper up to the candlelight and readBLACK STILL AT LARGE Sirius Black, possibly the most infamous prisoner ever to be held in Azkaban fortress, is still eluding c apture, the Ministry of Magic confirmed today. We are doing all we can to recapture Black, said the Minister of Magic, Cornelius confuse, this morning, and we beg the magical association to remain calm. Fudge has been criticized by some members of the International Federation of Warlocks for informing the Muggle Prime Minister of the crisis. Well, really, I had to, dont you know, said an irritable Fudge. Black is mad. Hes a riskiness to anyone who crosses him, magic or Muggle. I have the Prime Ministers assurance that he will not breathe a word of Blacks true identity to anyone. And lets face it whod believe him if he did? While Muggles have been told that Black is carrying a gun (a kind of metal wand that Muggles use to kill each other), the magical community of interests lives in fear of a massacre like that of twelve years ago, when Black murdered thirteen people with a single chap. Harry looked into the faint eyes of Sirius Black, the only part of the sunken face that seem ed alive. Harry had never met a vampire, but he had seen run intos of them in his Defense Against the Dark Arts classes, and Black, with his impressible white skin, looked just like one.Scary-lookin fing, inee? said Stan, who had been watching Harry read.He murdered thirteen people? said Harry, handing the page back to Stan, with one curse?Yep, said Stan, in front of witnesses an all. Broad daylight. Big trouble it caused, dinnit, Ern?Ar, said Ern darkly.Stan swiveled in his armchair, his hands on the back, the better to look at Harry.Black woz a big supporter of You-Know-Oo, he said.What, Voldemort? said Harry, without thinking.Even Stans pimples went white Ern jerked the steering wheel so hard that a full-page farm ingleside had to jump aside to avoid the bus.You outta your tree? yelped Stan. Choo say is name for?Sorry, said Harry hastily. Sorry, I I forgot Forgot said Stan weakly. Blimey, my earts goin that fastSo so Black was a supporter of You-Know-Who? Harry prompted apol ogetically.Yeah, said Stan, still rubbing his chest. Yeah, thats right. Very close to You-Know-Oo, they sayanyway, when little Arry Potter got the better of You-Know-Oo Harry nervously flattened his bangs down again all You-Know-Oos supporters was tracked down, wasnt they, Ern? Most of em knew it was all over, wiv You-Know-Oo gone, and they came quiet. But not Sirius Black. I eard he thought ed be second-in-command once You-Know-Oo ad taken over.Anyway, they cornered Black in the middle of a street full of Muggles an Black took out is wand and e blasted alf the street apart, an a wizard got it, an so did a dozen Muggles what got in the way. Orrible, eh? An you know what Black did then? Stan continued in a dramatic whisper.What? said Harry.Laughed, said Stan. Jus stood there an laughed. An when reinforcements from the Ministry of Magic got there, e went wiv em quiet as anyfink, still laughing is ead off. Cos es mad, inee, Ern? Inee mad?If he werent when he went to Azkaban, he will be now, said Ern in his slow voice. Id blow meself up before I set foot in that place. Serves him right, mind youafter what he didThey ad a job coverin it up, din they, Ern? Stan said. Ole street blown up an all them Muggles dead. What was it they said ad appened, Ern?Gas explosion, grunted Ernie.An now es out, said Stan, examining the newspaper picture of Blacks g auntie face again. Never been a breakout from Azkaban before, as there, Ern? Beats me ow e did it. Frightenin, eh? Mind, I dont fancy is chances against them Azkaban guards, eh, Ern?Ernie suddenly shivered. Talk some summat else, Stan, theres a good lad. Them Azkaban guards give me the collywobbles.Stan put the paper away reluctantly, and Harry leaned against the window of the Knight Bus, feeling worse than ever. He couldnt help imagining what Stan might be telling his passengers in a few nights time.Ear about that Arry Potter? Blew up is aunt We ad im ere on the Knight Bus, dint we, Ern? E was tryin to run for itHe, Har ry, had broken wizard law just like Sirius Black. Was inflating Aunt Marge bad enough to land him in Azkaban? Harry didnt know anything about the wizard prison, though everyone hed ever heard speak of it did so in the same fearful tone. Hagrid, the Hogwarts gamekeeper, had spent two months there only last year. Harry wouldnt presently forget the look of terror on Hagrids face when he had been told where he was going, and Hagrid was one of the bravest people Harry knew.The Knight Bus rolled through the darkness, sprinkling bushes and wastebaskets, telephone booths and trees, and Harry impersonate, restless and miserable, on his feather bed. After a while, Stan remembered that Harry had paid for hot chocolate, but poured it all over Harrys pillow when the bus moved abruptly from Anglesea to Aberdeen. One by one, wizards and witches in dressing gowns and slippers descended from the upper floors to leave the bus. They all looked very rejoiced to go.Finally, Harry was the only passen ger odd. the right way then, Neville, said Stan, clapping his hands, whereabouts in London?Diagon Alley, said Harry.Righto, said Stan. Old tight, then.BANG.They were thundering along Charing Cross Road. Harry sat up and watched buildings and benches squeezing themselves out of the Knight Buss way. The sky was getting a little lighter. He would lie low for a couple of hours, go to Gringotts the moment it opened, then set off where, he didnt know.Ern slammed on the brakes and the Knight Bus skidded to a halt in front of a small and shabby-looking pub, the tattling(a) Cauldron, behind which lay the magical entrance to Diagon Alley.Thanks, Harry said to Ern.He jumped down the steps and helped Stan lower his trunk and Hedwigs cage onto the pavement.Well, said Harry. Bye thenBut Stan wasnt paying(a) attention. Still standing in the doorway to the bus) he was goggling at the shadowy entrance to the Leaky Cauldron.There you are, Harry, said a voice.Before Harry could turn, he felt a hand on his get up. At the same time, Stan shouted, Blimey Ern, come ere Come ereHarry looked up at the owner of the hand on his shoulder and felt a bucketful of ice cascade into his stomach he had walked right into Cornelius Fudge, the Minister of Magic himself.Stan leapt onto the pavement beside them.What didja call Neville, Minister? he said excitedly.Fudge, a portly little man in a long, pinstriped cloak, looked cold and exhausted.Neville? he repeated, frowning. This is Harry Potter.I knew it Stan shouted gleefully. Ern Ern hypothesis oo Neville is, Ern Es Arry Potter I can see is scarYes, said Fudge testily, well, Im very glad the Knight Bus picked Harry up, but he and I need to step inside the Leaky Cauldron nowFudge increased the pressure on Harrys shoulder, and Harry found himself being steered inside the pub. A stooping figure bearing a lantern appeared through the door behind the bar. It was Tom, the wizened, toothless landlord.Youve got him, Minister said Tom. Will you be w anting anything? Beer? Brandy? maybe a pot of tea, said Fudge, who still hadnt let go of Harry.There was a loud scraping and puffing from behind them, and Stan and Ern appeared, carrying Harrys trunk and Hedwigs cage and looking around excitedly.Ow come you dint tell us oo you are, eh, Neville? said Stan, beaming at Harry, while Ernies owlish face peered interestedly over Stans shoulder.And a private parlor, please, Tom, said Fudge pointedly.Bye, Harry said miserably to Stan and Ern as Tom beckoned Fudge toward the career that led from the bar.Bye, Neville called Stan.Fudge marched Harry along the narrow passage after Toms lantern, and then into a small parlor. Tom clicked his hitchs, a fire burst into life in the grate, and he bowed himself out of the room.Sit down, Harry, said Fudge, indicating a chair by the fire.Harry sat down, feeling goose bumps rising up his arms despite the glow of the fire. Fudge took off his pinstriped cloak and tossed it aside, then hitched up the trous ers of his bottle-green suit and sat down opposite Harry.I am Cornelius Fudge, Harry. The Minister of Magic.Harry already knew this, of course he had seen Fudge once before, but as he had been wearing his fathers Invisibility Cloak at the time, Fudge wasnt to know that.Tom the innkeeper reappeared, wearing an proscenium wall over his nightshirt and bearing a tray of tea and crumpets. He placed the tray on a table between Fudge and Harry and left the parlor, closing the door behind him.Well, Harry, said Fudge, pouring out tea, youve had us all in a right flap, I dont mind telling you. Running away from your aunt and uncles house like that Id started to thinkbut youre safe, and thats what matters.Fudge buttered himself a crumpet and pushed the plate toward Harry.Eat, Harry, you look dead on your feet. Now thenYou will be pleased to hear that we have dealt with the unfortunate blowing-up of Miss Marjorie Dursley. Two members of the Accidental Magic Reversal Department were dispatched to Privet Drive a few hours ago. Miss Dursley has been punctured and her depot has been modified. She has no recollection of the incident at all. So thats that, and no harm done.Fudge smiled at Harry over the rim of his teacup, rather like an uncle appraise a favorite nephew. Harry, who couldnt believe his ears, opened his mouth to speak, couldnt think of anything to say, and closed it again.Ah, youre worrying about the reaction of your aunt and uncle? said Fudge. Well, I wont deny that they are extremely angry, Harry, but they are prepared to take you back next summer as long as you stay at Hogwarts for the Christmas and Easter holidays.Harry unstuck his throat.I always stay at Hogwarts for the Christmas and Easter holidays, he said, and I dont ever want to go back to Privet Drive.Now, now, Im sure youll feel differently once youve calmed down, said Fudge in a worried tone. They are your family, after all, and Im sure you are fond of each other er very deep down.It didnt occur to Harry to put Fudge right. He was still waiting to hear what was going to happen to him now.So all that remains, said Fudge, now buttering himself a second crumpet, is to decide where youre going to spend the last two weeks of your vacation. I suggest you take a room here at the Leaky Cauldron andHang on, blurted Harry. What about my punishment?Fudge blinked. Punishment?I broke the law Harry said. The Decree for the Restriction of Underage WizardryOh, my just boy, were not going to punish you for a little thing like that cried Fudge, waving his crumpet impatiently. It was an accident We dont send people to Azkaban just for blowing up their auntsBut this didnt rival at all with Harrys past dealings with the Ministry of Magic.Last year, I got an official warning just because a house-elf smashed a pudding in my uncles house he told Fudge, frowning. The Ministry of Magic said Id be expelled from Hogwarts if there was any more magic thereUnless Harrys eyes were deceiving him, Fudge was suddenly looking awkward.Circumstances change, HarryWe have to take into accountin the present climateSurely you dont want to be expelled?Of course I dont, said Harry.Well then, whats all the bunco about? laughed Fudge. Now, have a crumpet, Harry, while I go and see if Toms got a room for you.Fudge strode out of the parlor and Harry stared after him. There was something extremely odd going on. Why had Fudge been waiting for him at the Leaky Cauldron, if not to punish him for what hed done? And now Harry came to think of it, for sure it wasnt usual for the Minister of Magic himself to get involved in matters of underage magic?Fudge came back, accompanied by Tom the innkeeper.Room elevens free, Harry, said Fudge. I think youll be very comfortable. just one thing, and Im sure youll understandI dont want you wandering off into Muggle London, all right? Keep to Diagon Alley. And youre to be back here before dark each night. Sure youll understand. Tom will be keeping an eye on you f or me.Okay, said Harry slowly, but why?Dont want to lose you again, do we? said Fudge with a hearty laugh. No, nobest we know where you areI meanFudge cleared his throat loudly and picked up his pinstriped cloak.Well, Ill be off, plenty to do, you knowHave you had any luck with Black yet? Harry asked.Fudges finger slipped on the silver fastenings of his cloak.Whats that? Oh, youve heard well, no, not yet, but its only a matter of time. The Azkaban guards have never yet failedand they are angrier than Ive ever seen them.Fudge shuddered slightly.So, Ill say good-bye.He held out his hand and Harry, shaking it, had a sudden idea.Er Minister? Can I ask you something?Certainly, said Fudge with a smile.Well, terzetto years at Hogwarts are allowed to visit Hogsmeade, but my aunt and uncle didnt sign the permission form. Dyou think you could ?Fudge was looking uncomfortable.Ah, he said. No, no, Im very sorry, Harry, but as Im not your parent or guardian But youre the Minister of Magic, sa id Harry eagerly. If you gave me permissionNo, Im sorry, Harry, but rules are rules, said Fudge flatly.Perhaps youll be able to visit Hogsmeade next year. In fact, I think its best if you dontyeswell, Ill be off. Enjoy your stay, Harry.And with a last smile and shake of Harrys hand, Fudge left the room. Tom now moved forward, beaming at Harry.If youll follow me, Mr. Potter, he said, Ive already taken your things upHarry followed Tom up a bountiful wooden staircase to a door with a brass number eleven on it, which Tom unlocked and opened for him.Inside was a very comfortable-looking bed, some highly polished oak furniture, a cheerfully crackling fire and, perched on top of the wardrobe Hedwig Harry gasped.The snowy owl clicked her schnozzle and fluttered down onto Harrys arm.Very smart owl youve got there, chuckled Tom. Arrived about five minutes after you did. If theres anything you need, Mr. Potter, dont hesitate to ask.He gave another bow and left.Harry sat on his bed for a long time, absentmindedly stroking Hedwig. The sky outside the window was changing rapidly from deep, velvety blue to cold, steely gray and then, slowly, to exploit shot with gold. Harry could hardly believe that hed left Privet Drive only a few hours ago, that he wasnt expelled, and that he was now facing two completely Dursley-free weeks.Its been a very weird night, Hedwig, he yawned.And without even removing his glasses, he slumped back onto his pillows and fell asleep.

German Culture: Past and Present Essay

German Culture Past and Present is a book written by Ernest Belfort Bax. It was origin solelyy published in 1915 by McBride, Nast, & Company of New York. The current edition most widely circulated was published by Kessinger Publications, LLC, Kila, MT, in 2008. Kessinger Publications specialize in reprints of old books that are public domain and maintains copyright over the works. Bax was born in Britain and was a socialist journalist and philosopher. Ironically his political view as a socialist was important to this book.It assisted him in his efforts to observe German society of the period covered as the governments of the various feudal and bureaucratic forms down always leaned toward socialism. His credentials that add authority to makeup this particular book include his studying of German philosophy while actually living in Germany. This gave him a close proximity to the birthplaces of German culture and thought necessary prerequisites for the preparation of this book. Additi onally his familiarity with the German language offer significance to his readers as he interprets historical documents for them.The thesis of this book is to provide a fairly detailed overview of the social and intellectual development of German culture from the medieval period all the way to the modern propagation (keeping in mind that the modern times to this author extended only to the early 1900s). Its secondary point is the more total exposition of the earlier part of the culture nearly at the expense of the later period. The author felt that less was known about that era in German history as compared to the modern times and wished to begin to educate modern readers about that important foundation.His concern reflected in this thesis is that the earlier times and its documents are difficult to access and properly read, while the times closer to the modern day have been reflected in more widely available forms. Bax develops his thesis in chronological fashion and depends he avily upon some of his earlier writings on the history of Germany. This consolidates his earlier views in one tome which can be more easily understood when presented together in this order.In addition to the simple chronological development of his thesis, Bax refers frequently to the thorough historical treatment of the times as opposed to the personality centered treatment. He supports his thesis by disproving the personality style by demonstrating the broader historical style. Examples include dismissing the Martin Luther-focused interpretation of the Reformation, instead offering the large events and people that surrounded those events (p. 43). Baxs commentary on the significance of culture upon the success and failure of individuals begins with Martin Luther and the Reformation.By concentrating on the surrounding historical events and people, he sets the dot for the influences beyond the personalities that enabled their success in the case of Luther. Similarly Bax describes t he success of the Peasants Rebellion/War as being dependent upon the culture created by earlier revolts like Franz Sickingens (p. 117). These two examples effectively show how Bax as an author ensures that the cultural parts of the book are always the first and firstly consideration the impact this culture had upon events and people is always secondary to that thought.It is extremely difficult to argue with Baxs thesis. It is entirely an objective and well up ordered writing of a lengthy period of German history. In particular, the reliance of individuals and events upon the general developing culture of the times leaves little room to doubt his conclusions. It is a well presented thesis and the only detriment to it may be its long-windedness. That same breadth and pace, however, also lend academic credence to the book as a whole. ? References Bax, E. B. (2008). German Culture Past and Present. Kila, MT Kessinger.